the nervous system - weeblyjkilfoyle.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/2/8/12288004/anatomy_8... ·...
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Chapters 11-14
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Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems and name the major divisions of the nervous system.
Identify the parts of a reflex arc.
Describe signal transmission across a myoneural junction.
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Identify the major functions associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Identify the major parts of a cross section through the spinal cord.
Identify the functions of the major parts of the brain, including the meninges, medulla, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and cerebrum.
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Control and communication center of the body
Sensory input Integration Motor output
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Central Nervous System (CNS) • Spinal cord and brain • Integration & command center
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Paired spinal and cranial nerves • Carries messages to and from the CNS
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CNS
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Red is CNS
Blue is PNS
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Divided into 2 divisions:
Afferent division • Sensory • Receptors (eye/ear) send info to CNS
Efferent division
• Motor response • Effectors – something happens (movement)
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Somatic nervous system (SNS) • Conscious control of skeletal muscles • Voluntary
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions
• Subconscious
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2 divisions: Parasympathetic:
• Dominates during rest • Maintenance activities
Sympathetic
• Preparation of energetic/stressful activity • “fight or flight”
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Basic functional unit of the nervous system
Composed of a cell body, axon, and dendrites
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Structural • Mutlipolar • Bipolar • Unipolar
Functional
• Sensory (afferent) • Motor (efferent) • Interneurons (associated
neurons)
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~45 cm long ~14mm wide 31 segments
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Provide physical stability and shock absorption
3 layers: • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater
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Outermost covering of the spinal cord
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Middle layer
Between dura mater and arachnoid mater is the subarachnoid space • Where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
is Shock absorber Medium for dissolved gases,
nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products Where spinal taps take place
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Innermost layer
Made of elastic and collagen fibers
Bound to underlying neural tissue
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31 pairs
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Rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli
5 steps in a reflex arc: 1. Arrival of stimulus and activation of
receptor 2. Activation of a sensory neuron 3. Information processing in CNS 4. Activation of a motor neuron 5. Response by effector
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Postural reflex • Maintain a normal upright posture
Tendon reflex • Monitors tension, prevents breaking of
tendon Withdrawal reflex
• Moves parts away from a stimulus Plantar reflex
• Toes curling
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Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Mesencephalon Pons Medulla oblongata
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Where conscious thought and intelligent functions originate
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Frontal lobe • Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
Parietal lobe • Conscious perception of touch, pressure,
pain, vibration, taste, and temperature Occipital lobe
• Conscious perception of visual stimuli Temporal lobe
• Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli
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Adjusts the postural muscles of the body
Fine tune muscle control
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Epithalamus • Contains pineal gland which
secretes melatonin Regulates day/night cycles
Hypothalamus • Controls
autonomic/subconscious functions
• Secretes hormones • Produces emotions
Thalamus
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Relates visual/auditory information to produce reflexes
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Helps control respiration
Links cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord
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Connects brain and spinal cord Center for the coordination of
autonomic functions Controls visceral functions