the nervous system chapters 11-14. unit objectives list the organs and divisions of the nervous...
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The Nervous System
Chapters 11-14
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Unit Objectives• List the organs and divisions of the nervous system & describe the generalized
functions of the system as a whole.• Identify the major types of cells in the nervous system and discuss the function
of each.• Identify the anatomical and functional components of a signal. Compare and
contrast the propagation of a nerve impulse along a nerve fiber and across a synaptic cleft.
• Identify the major anatomical components of the brain and spinal cord and briefly comment on the function of each.
• Compare and contrast spinal and cranial nerves.• Discuss the functional characteristics of the two divisions of the autonomic
nervous system
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Organs & Divisions of Nervous System
• Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain & Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves extend to outlying or peripheral parts of the body– Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
subdivision of PNS regulates automatic or involuntary functions
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1. Brainstem
Spinal cord
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Brainstem
Medulla OblongataFunction:
-movement-posture-rate of heart contractions-breathing rate-non-vital reflexes
Pons-relays sensory information-regulates breathing
Midbrain
-skeletal reflex center
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2. Diencephalon
Spinal cord
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Diencephalon
Thalamus-interprets all senses except smell-synapses for voluntary movement
Hypothalamus-controls the autonomic nervous system-coordinates the nervous and endocrine system-controls reactions to threats-controls sleep cycles-involved in sexual responses-controls body temperature
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3. Cerebrum- makes up about 7/8 of your entire brain
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Divided into 4 lobes
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CerebrumThe surface of the
cerebrum is highly folded.
Ridges = gyri
Grooves = sulci
Deep grooves= fissures
They create more surface area.
Why does the cerebrum need more surface area?
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4. Cerebellum (little brain)
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-quality control center for movement
It fine-tunes the movements called for by the cerebrum. It compares the actual movement with the intended movement and makes corrections, as necessary.
Cerebellum
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Cranial Nerves
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SPINAL NERVES
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The Peripheral Nervous System
• Consists of the nerves that lead into or outward from the brain and spinal cord
-12 cranial nerves
-31 pairs of spinal nerves
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Cells of the Nervous System
• Neurons• 3 Main Parts
– Dendrites: conducts impulses to cell body – Cell body– Axon: conducts impulses away from the cell
body
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Cells of the Nervous System
• Neurons are classified according to function– Sensory: conduct impulses to the spinal cord &
brain– Motor: conduct impulses away from brain &
spinal cord to muscles & glands– Interneurons: conduct impulses from sensory
neurons to motor neurons
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Neuron
Dendrite Axon terminals
Cell body
Node of Ranvier
Schwann’s Cells
Myelin SheathAxon Hillock
Nucleus
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Cells of the Nervous System
• Glia: Connective tissue cells of the CNS• 3 Main types
– Astrocytes: star-shaped cells that anchor small blood vessels to neurons
– Microglia: small cells that move in inflamed brain tissue carrying on phagocytosis
– Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths on axons in the CNS
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Cells of Nervous System
– Satellite cells- surround and control the
chemical environment of the neuron
– Schwann cells- insulate the neuron, form the myelin sheath
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• Nerve impulses have a domino effect• Through a chain of chemical events, the
dendrites pick up an impulse that’s shuttled through the axon and transmitted to the next neuron.
• The entire impulse passes through a neuron in about 7 milliseconds- faster than a lightning strike.
Nerve Impulses
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Step 1 Resting Potential
(the nerve fiber is not sending a signal)
• NaK pumps in the cell membrane actively transport 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions pumped into the cell
• The result- the interior of the cell is negatively charged with respect to the exterior- polarization
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Step 2 Depolarization
• A threshold stimulus is received. A threshold stimulus is the stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse or a muscle contraction
• Sodium Channels in a local region of the membrane open and sodium diffuses inward depolarizing the membrane
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• What charge are sodium ions?• +• What will happen to the charge inside of the
neuron?• It will become more +
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Step 3Repolarization
• Potassium channels in the membrane open
• Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane
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Step 4Action Potential
• The resulting action potential causes a local bioelectric current that stimulates adjacent portions of the membrane
• The wave of action potential travels the length of the nerve fiber as a nerve impulse
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Summary of Nerve Impulse•Nerve impulse summary animation
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The Synapse
• A gap called a synapse or synaptic cleft separates the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron.
• *Neurons do not touch.• Chemicals carry
messages across
the synapse.
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Neurotransmitters• Excitatory neurotransmitters- lead to changes that generate
an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron
• Inhibitory neurotransmitters- tend to block the changes that cause an action potential to be generated in a postsynaptic neuron.
• Note- If a postsynaptic cell receive both excitatory and inhibitory messages the response of the postsynaptic depends on which message is stronger
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Excitatory neurotransmitters
1. Acetylcholine- muscle contractions, memory
2. Serotonin- sleep patterns, sensory perception, mood, temperature regulation, cerebral blood flow
3. Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)- mood, temperature regulation, dreaming
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Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
1. GABA- calms the brain
2. Dopamine- emotions, subconscious movement of skeletal muscle, separation of real from imagined
3. Endorphins- pain relieving, apatite modulation, associated with runner’s high
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Effect of drugs on neurotransmission
When neurons do not communicate normally, the brain does not function normally either.
• Alcohol animationWhy is drinking alcohol dangerous?
• Cocaine animationWhat feeling does dopamine give a person?How does cocaine affect the transmission of dopamine?Why is cocaine addicting?
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Autonomic Nervous System
• Motor Neurons that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue
• Regulates the body’s automatic functions to maintain or quickly restore homeostasis
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Autonomic Nervous System
• Composed of two divisions– Sympathetic Nervous System– Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
• Serves as the emergency or stress system, controlling visceral effectors during strenuous exercise & strong emotions (anger, fear, hate, or anxiety)
• Group of changes induced by sympathetic control is called fight-or-flight response
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Dominates control of many visceral effectors under normal, everyday conditions.
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