The New Republic Begins

1789-1800

I don’t need these anymore.

Launching the New GovernmentIn this unit we will focus on these essential concepts:

1. Explore how George Washington set precedents for

future presidents.

2. Describe Alexander Hamilton’s plan to help the

national debt.

3. Discuss Washington’s foreign policy plan.

4. Identify how political parties started in America.

5. Explain how a war with France was avoided.

6. Highlights of the Adam’s Administration.

The New Government• George Washington was inaugurated as the First President of the United States on April 30, 1789 in New York City.

• Washington set many precedents as the first President.

• Washington faced many economic problems in his 2 terms.

Washington’s PrecedentsPrecedent - a decision or action that sets an example for others to follow

What are examples of precedents in your life?

Washington understood the position he was in:

“There is scarcely any part of my conduct

which may not be hereafter be drawn into

precedent.”

Washington’s Inauguration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgCQDZdlMdc

He looked “grave, almost to sadness”, recalled one senator. Why was

President Washington so grave and serious on the day he took office? The future of his nation was full of

uncertainty. Many people, especially the British, expected the nation to fall.

The Federal Court SystemJudiciary Act of 1789

-established the scope of the Judicial Branch of Government

Supreme Court –5 Associate Justices and 1 Chief Justice

(today 8 Associate Justices and 1 Chief Justice)

3 Federal Circuit Courts – one for each region of the country (today 11)

13 Federal District Courts – one for each state (today there are 94)

John Jay – First Chief Justice

(Today: John Roberts)

Washington’s Cabinet

Cabinet - A group of advisors to the President

Washington’s first Cabinet included:

Secretary of State -

Secretary of Treasury -

Secretary of War -

Attorney General -

*Postmaster General -

Choosing a Cabinet

Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson)Secretary of the Treasury (Alexander Hamilton)Secretary of War (Henry Knox)Attorney General (Edmund Randolph)Postmaster General (Samuel Osgood)

Battling the National Debt

•After the American Revolution, our country had a huge national debt.

*National Debt - the amount a country owes to creditors

*National Government and States both owed money from the Revolution.

*National Government borrowed money by selling bonds

Money Problems of the New Nation

Amount Owed Income

$77,228,000 Debt

$4,269,000 to run

government

Total: $ 81,497,000 Total: $ 4,418,000

$ 4,399,000 from tariffs

$ 19,000 from other sources

Hamilton’s Plan to Repay the Debt

Step 1: Buy up the bonds issued by the national and state governments before 1789.

Step 2: The national government would pay all debts owed by the states (Assumption Bill)

We’ll pay all your debts

ThankYou!

But we already paid ours!

James Madison Leads the Opposition

Madison disliked Hamilton’s plan for 2 reasons:

1. Speculators would make a huge profit from the government – would be paid “face value”

*Soldiers were paid in bonds and sold them to speculators.(paid $.15 on the dollar)

2. Most Southern states already paid off their debts.

Hamilton’s Compromise

1. Hamilton knew many Southerners wanted to move the nation’s capital to the South.

2. The South agreed to pass Hamilton’s Plan if the capital was moved.

A> The capital was agreed to be placed along the

Potomac River and between Maryland and VA.

B>. This area would be called the District of

Columbia.

3. The capital was moved from New York to Philadelphia for 10 years while Washington D.C. was prepared.

Let’s take a look!http://www.indospectrum.com

Hamilton’s National Bank• The Bank of the United States was established in 1791.

The Bank of the United States• Modeled after the British National Bank• Stock would be sold to raise capital (money)

– Government would retain 20%– 80% sold to private investors– 1 share cost $400 – would have 25,000 shares

to start– Profits to pay down debt– Banks placed in major cities (New York and

Philadelphia

Helping American Business

Tariffs and Protective Tariffs

Tariff - A tax on an imported good or item

Protective Tariff - a tax that protects American business from foreign competition.

What items have tariffs placed on them today?

Before the tariff, items cost this much

After the tariff, items

cost this much

The French Revolution

• July 14, 1789, the French Revolution

• French people wanted a constitution similar to America

• At first, Americans were supportive

• Americans became uncomfortable with the violence

Washington Avoids War

• France wanted US support since we had a treaty of perpetual friendship from the US Revolution

• Hamilton was not in favor of U.S. aid to France• Jefferson in favor of U.S. aid to France• Washington knew US could not go to war…

issued the Neutrality Proclamation• New government – old treaty void… set the

stage for future problems

                  

Problems with England and Jay’s Treaty

• 130 American ships captured by British• British still in Ohio River Valley• US sailors being “impressed”• Talk of war with England• Jay’s Treaty• Britain agreed to pay for damaged ships• Britain agreed to give up forts in Ohio River

Valley once US paid pre-war debt• Commission would look into “debt”

                  

Political Parties

• In 1789, there were no political parties

• Most people distrusted political parties

• Disagreements between Washington’s chief advisors, Hamilton and Jefferson, started political parties

Hamilton and Jefferson

Hamilton

• Spoke forcefully (dressed elegantly)

• Wanted a strong federal gov’t.

• Supported the Bank of the U.S.

• Supported a loose interpretation of the Constitution

• Mistrusted common people

• Favored Britain as a trading partner

Jefferson

• Informal dress and speech

• Favored strong state governments

• Opposed the Bank of the U.S.

• Supported strict interpretation of the Constitution

• Believed in common people

• Favored trade with France

The Federalist YearsJohn Adams – 2nd

President of the United States of America

Washington declined to run for a third termOpened the field- Federalists Nominated: John Adams

Antifederalists nominated: Thomas Jefferson

John Adams – 2nd President

John Adams – 2nd Presidentof the United States

Election Results for 1796

71 votes – John Adams – Federalist

68 votes – Thomas Jefferson – Democratic Republican

John Adams – 2nd Presidentof the United States

Alien Act

Sedition Act

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

Election of 1800

XYZ

Affair

John Adams – 2nd Presidentof the United States

Alien Act

Meant to weaken the Democratic-Republican Party

-President could deport any foreigner deemed dangerous

-Naturalization Act – wait 14 years before becoming a citizen

-Alien Enemies Act – deport foreigners from countries the US is at war with

John Adams – 2nd Presidentof the United States

Sedition Act

Meant to weaken the Democratic-Republican Party

-Sedition – stirring up rebellion

Could be jailed for criticizing the government

John Adams – 2nd Presidentof the United States

Kentucky and

Virginia Resolutions

1789-1799

-each state could declare a federal law unconstitutional

Nullify – cancel a law passed by the federal government

John Adams – 2nd Presidentof the United States

XYZ

Affair

1797

-France Upset

-Neutrality Proclamation

--Jay’s Treaty

Adams sent ambassador

-Frenchman Tallyrand demanded a $240,000.00 bribe and a $10 million loan

“Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute

-2 year Quazi War

John Adams – 2nd Presidentof the United States

Election of 1800

“Revolution of 1800”

-1. Jefferson and Burr tied

2 House of Representatives voted 36 times

3.Jefferson chosen

4. 12th Amendment provided for separate ballots for President and Vice President