The New South

Industry, Farming, & African Americans

Industries & Cities

• The “New South” –visions of a modern economy of Agriculture & Industry

• Use South’s Natural Resources to develop industry: cotton, wood, iron ore

Industry Cont’d

• In the 1880s, Northern money backs:

• TEXTILES in N.C., S.C., & G.A.

• Cigar & Lumber Production in N.C. & V.A.

• Coal, Iron, & Steel Processing creates urban centers—Nashville, Tennessee & Birmingham, Alabama

Agriculture

• More diverse—more grain, tobacco, and fruit crops

• Move from large plantations to smaller farms–Tenant farming & sharecropping

Railroads Expand

• Industrialization NEEDS transportation!• South needs to build more railroads—move

supplies to market, join rural and urban centers: New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston

• By 1880s, only 2 rail lines linked S. freight to N. markets– Texas to Chicago– Tennessee to Washington, D.C.

Funding Railroads

• South lobbied the Federal Government for help to fund railroads

• Also, used prison labor to keep costs of railroad construction down

• More railroads=new bustling cities: Atlanta, Dallas, & Nashville

RAILROADS!

1. Railroads were crucialto the success of westwardexpansion2. Goods and raw materialsfrom east to west3. Farmers needed therailroads for their crops andfor supplies4. The government givesland grants and money tohelp build rail lines

Economic Recovery in the South

• Obstacles:1) Damages to repair from

the war2) Industry and Economic

Development have• 3 major needs:

Natural Resources, Labor, Capital

• Natural Resources in the South= YES

• Labor in the South=NO

• Capital in the South=NO

Obstacles to Economic Development

Labor• Limited public ed.• Lack of technical &

engineering schools to train people for industry

• Low wages—kept skilled workers away from South, and lured Southern workers to find better wages/conditions elsewhere

Capital• Few banks survived war• Surviving banks had fewer

assets than N. Banks• S. wealth concentrated• Tenant farmers & low-paid

workers had no cash to deposit in banks

• South dependent on N. banks to start or expand businesses

Hard Times for Farmers

• Lure of the CASH CROP continues after war

• King Cotton rebounds to prewar levels by 1880s

• Price for cotton had fallen by this time

• WHY???

RISKY BUSINESS!

• DEPENDENCE ON ONE CROP IS RISKY!

• Boll Weevil disaster—beetle which destroyed cotton

• Appeared in 1890s & drastically affected cotton yield over the next decade—more than a 50% drop in some states

WITH OUR POWERS COMBINED…

• In the 1870s, Texas farmers started organizing for lower supply prices

• Local Organizations linked to form the FARMER’S ALLIANCE (in the South & West)

• Wanted government to do two things…– WHAT WERE THEY?

Farmer’s Alliances

–Lower freight prices—get crops to markets at lower prices–Regulate interest rate for

bank loans to farmers

Black Southerners

• REMEMBER the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments!

• FREE CITIZENS VOTE!

• What were some gains for African American southerners initially?

Gains

• 1) Right to vote in local/federal elections• 2) Serve in gov. or military• 3) Open businesses• 4) Buy farmland• 5) Invited to join Farmers’ Alliance groups in some

locations (interracial cooperation)• 6) Civil Rights Act of 1875—guaranteed right to ride

trains and use public facilities• 7) ACCESS TO EDUCATION!!!! – Basic literacy schools and teacher colleges

Losses

1) Some white southerners look for a scapegoat for the troubles and frustrations of the time

2) KKK uses violence and terror 3) Churches revert from integration back to

segregation4) New laws support eliminating black gov. officials5) 1883—series of Civil Rights cases—Supreme Court

rules that decisions regarding use of public accommodations is a local issue to be decided by state laws

Westward Expansion

Native Americans

NATIVE PRACTICES

1. Believed in a variety of Gods2. Religion was based on nature and spirits3. Performed numerous rituals to show the

gods their allegiance4. Complex marriage and burial practices5. Passage of Manhood and Power6. Relationship to the land

Many Different Groups

Great PlainsSioux/Dakotas, Cheyenne,

Blackfeet, Crows, Comanches

- Nomadic tribes andvillage dwellers- Horses allow them tosearch for food not grown- Become better hunters- Peaceful tribes that defended their territorieswhen threatened

SOUTHWEST

Navajo Natives- More nomadic- Built houses in nature

oron the countryside

PUEBLOS Natives- Cliff dwellers- Irrigated dry land to

grow corn, beans, squash

Northwest NativesKlamaths, Chinooks, & Shastas, Nez Perce

1. Many tribes that thrived inthe climate regions—abundant

fish/forest animals2. Most famous tribe – Nez Perce3. Chief Joseph was their mostfamous leader4. Believed strongly in peaceand negotiations with Whites

SOUTHWEST APACHE1. Defended their territoryand expanded into other natives areas2. Geronimowas a heroof the tribe

COMANCHE1. One of the mostViolent tribes2. Controlled most ofTexas at one time3. Nomadic tribe

Diverse Use of Buffalo

•USES OF BUFFALO?

BUFFALONative USES

1. Food2. Weapons3. Clothing4. Tepee coverings5. Blood in religious

practices6. Storage

Native Americans & Policy of Removal

• 1830—Indian Removal Act—exchange of Indian lands in the South for lands in modern-day Oklahoma (Choctaws & Chicasaws)

• 1832—Worchester v. Georgia “John Marshall has made his decision….”

• 1838—Trail of Tears—U.S. soldiers forced 16,000 Cherokees from Southeast to Oklahoma—4,000 casualties

• 1842, Seminoles forces to leave Florida

Western Migration of Native Americans

• After the Civil War, about 250,000 Native Americans lived west of the Mississippi River.

• Between the 1840s and 1860s—pressure from more White settlers led to conflicts with land

REASONS FOR WHITE SETTLEMENT

1. Cheap land2. GOLD and SILVER strikes3. Land speculators – buy low and sell for profit4. Homesteads – free land by the government5. Opportunities not available in the East6. Escaping poverty or the law7. Adventure 8. Desire for cross-continental railroad

Settlers & Native Americans

• By 1851, the federal government had begun to restrict Indians to smaller areas.

• By the 1860s, they were forced onto Reservations.

• No longer free to roam the Plains—denied access to buffalo which provided a source for lodging, clothing, food, and tools

More Bad News

• Disease

• Buffalo herds destroyed—wasted meat, killed primarily for hides or for sport

Resistance & Violence

Native Americans’ Resistance

• Sioux Rebellion of 1862—resisted threats to land and attacked White settlements in Eastern Minnesota

• Gov. retaliated with full-scale war—Sioux were pushed west into the Dakotas

• A series of attacks on settlements followed.

Sand Creek Massacre

• 1864

• Officer John Chivington and his band of Colorado militia opened fire on unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians under U.S. protection—signaled friendship-how?

Sand Creek MassacreChivington Massacre

• Massacre of men, women, & children

• More resistance warfare followed

• Federal government sent in troops to the West to maintain order after the Civil War

Red Cloud

1) Federal Government announces plans to build a road through Sioux hunting grounds—leads to increased hostilities

2) In 1866, Warrior Red Cloud and followers lured Captain William Fetterman & his troops into an ambush and kills them all

3) The Gov. U.S. Indian Peace Commission—believed the only solution was for N. Americans to settle on farms and assimilate the civ. of whites.

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868

• Gov. agrees not to build road through Sioux Territory & to abandon three U.S. forts

• Sioux and others agreed to live on Reservations with support from the Federal Gov. –schools and other communal buildings promised

• Bureau of Indian Affairs appointed agents to distribute land & supplies for farming

Fort Laramie Treaty cont’d

• 1) Many Indians drifted away from Reservations to continue roaming and hunting

• 2) Many Indian Agents stole funds and resources meant for distribution

• 3) Some agents lacked support and funding to enforce the terms of the treaty

The End of the Wars

The Red River War—setting the stage

• Texas• The government had failed to enforce the

terms of the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge—Government failed to:– Deliver food and supplies– Punish white lawlessness– Keep white buffalo hunters off Indian hunting

grounds

Red River War cont’d

• Series of major and minor incidents involving Kiowas and Comanches in Texas

• began with an Indian attack on Texans near the Red River in June 1874.

• Ended in June 1875 when the last Comanche holdouts surrendered to U.S. troops

• Opened Western panhandle of Texas to white settlement

Red River Wars A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, one of several clashes between Southern Plains

Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War. Image from TARL Collections (TMM-1988-21 Reverse).

Battle of Little Big Horn

1. Sioux and Cheyenne tribes were upset about continued violations of the Black Hills area reservations—Black Hills Gold Rush of 1875 in Dakotas & Montana

2. Attacked numerous times, led by Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull

3. Lt Col George Custer and force of 250 men–day ahead of main force, and was surprised and trapped by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull & 2,000 Indians

4. The Natives were vicious in the mutilation of the American bodies – spirits would walk the earth forever – never finding peace

Little Big Horn cont’d

• Army forces tracked down Indians

• Beaten down by weather & starvation

• Crazy horse and followers surrendered

• Sitting Bull escaped to Canada

Nez Perces

• Idaho, 1877

• Nez Perces were to be moved to a smaller reservation to make room for white settlers

• Many were Christians who had settled down • Chief Joseph led a group of refugees to Canada,

but forced to surrender close to the border• Banished with group to barren reservation in

Oklahoma

Wounded Knee

• Natives were practicing the ancient tradition of the Ghost Dance

• Religious revival that called on return of ancestors, banishment of whites, and return of the buffalo

The Ghost Dance

Wounded Knee Massacre1. In 1890Troops went to stop the ghost dance

practice2. Ordered arrest of Sitting Bull-he was killed3. Set out after fleeing Indians4. Troops demanded Natives give upweapons!5. Shot rang out!6. Troops opened fire!7. 100 men, women, & childrenNatives killed8. LAST GREAT NATIVE MASSACREand WAR

Government Policy & Native Americans

• Hoped for assimilation

• Some Americans spoke out and defended the natives way of life.

• Helen Hunt Jackson wrote Century of Dishonor about the mistreatment of the natives.

• Susette La Flesche fought for recognition of Native rights in the courts and taught on a reservation.

The Dawes Act

• Passed in 1871• Native Americans were to be treated as

individuals--No Indian tribe or nation would be recognized as an independent nation with which the U.S. could make a treaty or contract

• The Dawes General Allotment Act/Dawes Severalty Act was passed in 1887– Replaced reservation system– Each family of Natives granted a 160 acre farmstead—

not enough land in the arid West

Assimilation

• Missionaries and reformers established boarding schools for Native children, so that they could learn the rules & culture of white Americans.