the next giant leap - propulsion and habitats for mars

The Next Giant Leap For Mankind

Propulsion and Habitats for Mars

Remco TimmermansTalk at Mars mini-symposium Universiteit Twente, 15 May 2014

@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014 2

Agenda

• Getting to Mars is hard

• Why one way is easier than two way

• A little rocket science – propulsion

• Your home on Mars – habitats


Getting to Mars is Hard


So why is Mars harder than the Moon?


Mars is Very Far Away

55 – 103 million km

400 million km

Distance to the Moon: 384,400 km

Average travel time: 5 months


Radiation along the way


From Difficult to Very Difficult

• Flyby, unmanned (e.g. Mariner 4, 1964)

• One way, unmanned, orbit (e.g. ESA Mars Express)

• One way, unmanned, landing (e.g. Viking, MSL Curiosity)

• Flyby, manned (e.g. Inspiration Mars, 2021)

• Two way, unmanned, landing, sample return

• One way, manned, landing (e.g. Mars One)

• Two way, manned, operate rover from orbit

• Two way, manned, landing, people return


Why is it so difficult?

∆ 𝑣=𝑣 h𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡 ln𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑚𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙∆v = acceleration OR deceleration


Rocket Equation

Variables:• Final mass, or spacecraft useful mass• Required ∆v (destination and route)• Propellant mass• Exhaust velocity


Gravity on Mars

Earth gravity: 9.8 m/s2

Moon gravity: 1.6 m/s2

Mars gravity: 3.7 m/s2


Escape velocity (∆v) per planet

Earth: 11.2 km/s

Moon: 2.4 km/s

Mars: 5.0 km/s


Principles of rocketry

Rocket

Energy

Mass

Thrust


Types of rockets

• Thermodynamic – heat and pressure– Chemical propulsion (solid, liquid, hybrid)

• Electrodynamic – charged particles in fields– Electrothermal (electrically produced heat)– Electrostatic (electric fields)– Electromagnetic (electro + magnetic fields)

• Nuclear propulsion – nuclear power for heat


1 - Chemical propulsion

• Fuel and oxidizer combine in combustion chamber to produce heat and by-products

• Solid (solid fuel and solid oxidizer)• Hybrid (solid fuel and liquid oxidizer)• Liquid (liquid fuel and liquid oxidizer)


Solid fuel rocket motor

@Arianespace


Effect of grain geometry on thrust-time


Hybrid rockets

@virgingalactic


Liquid rocket motor

First used by Robert Goddard Success by Wernher von Braun


Principle of liquid rocket motor

Snecma Vulcain-2 on Ariane 5


Classic liquid rocket examples


Modern liquid rocket examples

Soyuz Atlas V Falcon 9


SpaceX Falcon 9

@SpaceX


Monopropellant liquid rocket

@MarsCuriosity


2 – Electric Propulsion


Electrothermal thruster

SSTL Resistojet

(solar, nuclear)

@SurreySat


Electrostatic thruster


Electromagnetic thruster

@AdAstraRocket


3. Nuclear propulsion

MTV = Mars Transfer Vehicle

Thermo Nuclear Rocket Engine


Future: Solar Sail

In 2010 the Japanese IKAROS Solar Sail demonstrator flew to Venus@JAXA_EN

@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014

Part II - Living on Mars

30@MarsOneProject


Welcome to Mars


Challenges after arrival

• Radiation• Temperature• Low oxygen• Lack of food• Lack of water• Lack of fuel• Atmospheric pressure• Communication time delay• Shelter


Water of Life

• Drinking water

• Fuel (H2)

• Oxygen (O2)

• Radiation Shield


Water of Life

Terraforming


Surviving The First Decades


Mars Habitat Constraints

• Leightweight• Deployable• Radiation shielding• Life support• Climate-proof• Durable• Multi-purpose• Self supporting• Expandable

@ISUnet


Mars Analogue Missions

Photo: Mars Society@MDRSupdates


Mars Habitat Research

Photo: Mars Society@MDRSupdates


Mars Habitat Research

Photo: Dr. Ryan Kobrick@MDRSupdates


ÖWF Dachstein Caves 2012

Photo: ÖWF | Katja Zanella-Kux@OEWF


ÖWF Mars 2013 Morocco

Phot

o: Ö

WF

| Ka

tja Z

anel

la-K

ux

@OEWF

@OEWF


ÖWF Mars 2013 Morocco

Phot

o: Ö

WF

| Ka

tja Z

anel

la-K

ux

@OEWF


HI-SEAS Hawaii Analog

Photo: University of Hawaii | HI-SEAS@HI_SEAS


Growing Food on Mars

Photo: Mars Society

Photo: Wiki Commons


Mars 500 (days!) Experiment


Mars 500 “Landing”

@Mars500project

Photo: ESA


ESA Caves

@ESA_CAVES

Photos: ESA


NASA Desert Rats

Photo: NASA@DESERT_RATS

@timmermansr | UTwente | 15-05-2014

Bigelow Aerospace

4949Photo: Bigelow@BigelowSpace


Life support systems

Photo: ESA@ISS_Research


Mars, we are on our way…

Image: Mars Artists Community


Wordt onderdeel van de space community!

NVR – Netherlands Space Society• Free student membership• Acccess to companies and space organizations• Networking events with the Dutch space sector• Only space ‘glossy’ in the Netherlands• @NVR_Ruimtevaart | www.ruimtevaart-nvr.nl

SGAC - Space Generation Advisory Council• Free membership• Represent young space professionals in United Nations• Meet the global leaders in space• Very cool events and scholarships• @SGAC | @SCACNL | www.spacegeneration.org


Thank You!

Please follow me at:

@timmermansr@TravelsInOrbit

@WorldSpaceWeek@NVR_Ruimtevaart

the next giant leap - propulsion and habitats for mars

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