the opportunity costs of ignoring the law of sea convention in the arctic, by james w. houck

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  • 7/29/2019 The Opportunity Costs of Ignoring the Law of Sea Convention in the Arctic, by James W. Houck

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

    GXE]AE UKE[XA]Q A@A]AG]ASK

    FNNSKX A@U]A][]AN@

    A` 8::6) tfk [`atkm Utgtks dna`km nur ntfkr `gtan`s watf Gretae engsts7 a` assua`o tfk

    Aiuiassgt Mkeigrgtan`) wfaef prneigabkm tfgt4

    \]Rfk igw n tfk skg prnvamks nr abpnrtg`t raofts g`m nhiaogtan`s. . . . _k

    rkbga` enbbattkm tn tfas ikogi rgbkwnrl g`m tn tfk nrmkriy skttikbk`t

    n g`y pnssahik nvkrigppa`o eigabs. . . . ]fas rgbkwnrl prnvamks g sniam

    nu`mgtan` nr rkspn`sahik bg`gokbk`t hy tfk vk engstgi Utgtks g`m

    ntfkr uskrs n tfas Nekg` tfrnuof gtan`gi abpikbk`tgtan` g`m gppiaegtan`

    n rkikvg`t prnvasan`s. _k tfkrknrk skk `n `kkm tn mkvkinp g `kw

    enbprkfk`savk a`tkr`gtan gi ikogi rkoabk tn onvkr` tfk Gretae Nekg`.8

    Hy a`vnla`o tfk igw n tfk skg) tfk vk Gretae `gtan`s wkrk getugiiy rkkrra`o tn

    tfk [`atkm @gtan`s En`vk`tan` n` tfk Igw n tfk Ukg5 &[@EINU!.= Xussag) Eg`gmg)

    Mk`bgrl) g`m @nrwgy fgvk rgtakm tfk En`vk`tan`. Gitfnuof tfk [`atkm Utgtks fgs

    `nt rgtakm) at en`samkrs [@EINU tn ok`krgiiy rkcket eustnbgry a`tkr`gtan`gi igw.;

    ]fk [`atkm Utgtks waiia`o`kss tn suppnrt [@EINU gs tfk onvkr`a`o ikogi rgbkwnrl

    a` tfk Gretae as `n surprask. Gitfnuof tfk Aiuiassgt Mkeigrgtan` wgs sao`km mura`o tfk

    Husf Gmba`astrgtan`) tfk Nhgbg Gmba`astrgtan`s @gtan`gi Utrgtkoy nr tfk Gretae

    Xkoan` prneigabs tfgt4

    Geekssan` tn tfk En`vk`tan` wnuim prntket [.U. raofts) rkkmnbs) g`m usks

    n tfk skg g`m garspgek tfrnuofnut tfk Gretae rkoan`) g`m strk`otfk` nur

    groubk`ts nr rkkmnb n `gvaogtan` g`m nvkr caoft tfrnuof tfk @nrtfwkst

    hy Dgbks _. Fnuel

    Gretae Ukeuraty A`atagtavk

    www.fnnvkr.nrotgslnreksgretae"skeuraty

    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nAo`nra`o tfk Igw n UkgEn`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 8 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

    Zgssgok g`m tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk. ]fk [`atkm Utgtks as tfk n`iy Gretae

    stgtk tfgt as `nt pgrty tn tfk En`vk`tan`. N`iy hy dna`a`o tfk En`vk`tan` eg`

    wk bgxabazk ikogi ekrtga`ty g`m hkst skeurk a`tkr`gtan`gi rkeno`atan` n nur

    snvkrkao` raofts watf rkspket tn tfk [.U. kxtk`mkm en ta`k`tgi sfki a` tfkGretae g`m kiskwfkrk) wfaef bgy fnim vgst nai) ogs) g`m ntfkr rksnureks.3

    _faik efgara`o fkgra`os a` Bgy 8:78 gs Efgarbg` n tfk Uk`gtk Cnrkao` Xkigtan`s

    Enbbattkk) eurrk`t Ukerktgry n Utgtk Dnf` Lkrry igbk`tkm tfgt4

    _faik wk waii sat n` tfk samkia`ks) Xussag g`m ntfkr enu`traks grk egrva`o

    up tfk Gretae g`m igya`o eigabs tn tfk nai g`m ogs raefks a` tfgt rkoan`.

    _k) n` tfk ntfkr fg`m) eg`t kvk` geekss tfk trkgty hnmy tfgt prnvamks

    a`tkr`gtan`gi ikoatabgey nr tfksk typks n Gretae eigabs. A`stkgm n tgla`o

    kvkry pnssahik stkp tn k`surk nur stglk a` tfas rksnurek"raef grkg) wk grk

    wgtefa`o ntfkrs gsskrt tfkar eigabs g`m mna`o `ntfa`o ghnut at hkeguskwk fgvk `n ikogi rkenursk.?

    [.U. a`mustry rkprksk`tgtavks fgvk kefnkm tfas vakw gs wkii. Dgel Okrgrm) Efak

    Kxkeutavk Nekr n tfk Gbkraeg` Zktrnikub A`statutk) fgs `ntkm tfgt4

    Kstghiasfa`o tfk en`ta`k tgi bgroa` hkyn`m 8:: baiks as pgrtaeuigriy

    abpnrtg`t a` tfk Gretae) wfkrk tfkrk grk girkgmy g `ubhkr n enu`traks vya`o

    tn kxpg`m tfkar nsfnrk durasmaetan`gi eigabs. . . . ]fk En`vk`tan` waii a`erkgsk

    ekrtga`ty a` g sao`aeg`t bg``kr g`m waii a` tur` bglk at buef kgsakr tn mkeamk

    tn a`vkst haiian`s n mniigrs a` uturk npkrgtan`s.6

    Mkspatk tfas suppnrt) [@EINU fgs k`murkm g tnrturkm dnur`ky watfa` tfk [`atkm

    Utgtks. Zrksamk t Xn`gim Xkgog` rkeno`azkm tfk trkgtys `gtan`gi skeuraty vgiuk g`m

    marketkm tfk [`atkm Utgtks tn npkrgtk a` geenrm watf [@EINU) watf tfk kxekptan` n

    tfk mkkp skghkm ba`a`o prnvasan`s.1 Zrksamk`t Xkgog`s nhdketan`s tn tfk mkkp skghkm

    ba`a`o prnvasan`s wkrk igtkr rksnivkm) ikgma`o Zrksamk`t Haii Eia`tn` tn trg`sbat

    tfk trkgty tn tfk Uk`gtk nr gmvaek g`m en`sk`t n` Netnhkr ?) 711=.7: G`m ykt) tfk

    [`atkm Utgtks rkbga`s nutsamk tfk en`vk`tan`. Gitfnuof tfk Uk`gtk Cnrkao` Xkigtan`s

    Enbbattkk fgs twaek vntkm [@EINU gvnrghiy nut n enbbattkk hy wamk bgroa`s) tfk

    en`vk`tan` fgs kvkr rkekavkm g uii Uk`gtk vntk.77

    ]fk masen`ta`uaty hktwkk` tfk `gtan`gi mksark nr g` kketavk Gretae pniaey g`m tfk

    a`tkrba`ghik g`m rgetanus [@EINU mkhgtk rgasks g u`mgbk`tgi qukstan`4 Mnks

    tfk [`atkm Utgtks gaiurk tn dna` [@EINU getugiiy furt [.U. a`tkrksts a` tfk Gretae> As

    [@EINU g` kssk`tagi nu`mgtan` nr [.U. Gretae pniaey nr g` u``kekssgry bnrgss ialkiy

    tn krnmk [.U. snvkrkao`ty g`m mrga` vatgiaty rnb [.U. a`vkstbk`ts> Bnrknvkr) oavk`

    tfgt tfk Gretae Enu`eai fgs gmnptkm [@EINU gs ats onvkr`a`o ikogi rgbkwnrl g`m tfgt

    tfk [`atkm Utgtks as staii ghik tn pgrtaeapgtk uiiy a` Gretae onvkr`g`ek) wnuim [@EINU

    geekssan` prnvamk tfk [`atkm Utgtks g`y hk`kt `nt girkgmy gvgaighik> A tfk [`atkm

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 5 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

    Utgtks eg` mn kvkrytfa`o n abpnrtg`ek a` tfk Gretae watfnut dna`a`o [@EINU) wfy on

    tn tfk trnuhik>

    ]fas pgpkr gmmrkssks tfksk qukstan`s. ]fk pgpkr hkoa`s hy hrakcy survkya`o tfkkxtk`t tn wfaef tfk en`vk`tan`s prnvasan`s a`tkrsket watf [`atkm Utgtks a`tkrksts

    a` tfk Gretae. @nt surprasa`oiy) tfkrk as kxtk`savk nvkrigp. ]fk pgpkr tfk` rkvakws

    groubk`ts tfgt [@EINU as arrkikvg`t nr kvk` g`tatfktaegi tn gefakva`o tfksk abpnrtg`t

    [.U. a`tkrksts. Gtkr erataqua`o tfk g`ta"[@EINU groubk`ts) tfk pgpkr kxgba`ks tfk

    egsk nr [@EINU. ]fk pgpkr neusks a` pgrtaeuigr n` [.U. a`tkrksts n` tfk Gretae

    skgcnnr) groua`o tfgt tfksk a`tkrksts grk kxtk`savk g`m tfgt geekssan` wnuim fkip

    gvkrt g wamk rg`ok n pntk`tagi pniataegi) ikogi) g`m rkouigtnry efgiik`oks rnb nrkao`

    onvkr`bk`ts g`m enrpnrgtan`s. ]fk pnssahaiaty n suef efgiik`oks erkgtks pniataegi

    g`m ikogi u`ekrtga`ty gs in`o gs tfk [`atkm Utgtks rkbga`s nutsamk tfk en`vk`tan` g`m

    prnvamks g hn`g mk masa`ek`tavk nr [.U."iaek`skm enrpnrgtan`s tn u`mkrtglk tfk typk

    n kxpinrgtan` g`m mkvkinpbk`t getavataks `kekssgry tn rkgiazk g fnst n nsfnrkhk`kts. Bnrknvkr) hy stgya`o nutsamk [@EINU) tfk [`atkm Utgtks as nrkata`o g`

    nppnrtu`aty tn rka`nrek g gvnrghik Gretae ikogi rkoabk tfgt enuim gek prkssurk rnb

    `n`"Gretae `gtan`s a` tfk uturk. ]fk pgpkr en`eiumks hy rkenbbk`ma`o tfgt tfk

    [.U. geekmk tn [@EINU gt tfk snn`kst nppnrtu`aty.

    ]fk A`tkrsketan` nc [.U Gretae A`tkrksts g`m [@EINU

    [@EINU kstghiasfks bgratabk zn`ks watf pra`eapiks g`m ruiks rkikvg`t tn tfk wnrims

    k`tark bgratabk mnbga`) gmmrkssa`o tnpaes rg`oa`o rnb supprkssan` n pargey

    tn en`skrvgtan` n sf stnels tn en`struetan` n grtaeagi asig`ms gt skg. _atf ats

    skvk`tkk` pgrts) 58: grtaeiks) `a`k g``kxks) g`m g suppikbk`tgry spkeagi gorkkbk`t

    n` mkkp skghkm ba`a`o) [@EINU tnuefks `kgriy kvkry en`ekavghik [.U. bgratabk

    a`tkrkst a` tfk Gretae. [`mkrstg`ma`o tfas a`tkrsketan` as erataegi nr kvgiugta`o tfk

    en`vk`tan s pntk`tagi gs g` a`strubk`t n [.U. Gretae pniaey.

    Crkkmnb n @gvaogtan`

    Gs g `gtan` watf oinhgi bgratabk a`tkrksts) tfk [`atkm Utgtks fgs en`sastk`tiy vakwkm

    tfk [@EINU prnvasan`s n` rkkmnb n `gvaogtan` n` tfk faof skgs g`m a` kxeiusavk

    ken`nbae zn`ks &KKTs!) trg`sat pgssgok tfrnuof strgats uskm nr a`tkr`gtan`gi

    `gvaogtan`) g`m a``nek`t pgssgok tfrnuof tkrratnragi skgs gs tfk en`vk`tan s

    kssk`tagi enrk.78 Gitfnuof [@EINU `gvaogtan` prnvasan`s wkrk `nt mksao`km watf tfk

    Gretae a` ba`m pkr sk) tfk prnvasan`s grk en`sastk`t watf tfk [`atkm Utgtks a`tkrkst

    a` rkkmnb n `gvaogtan` a` g`m tfrnuof tfk Gretae.75

    Gitfnuof kxpkrts makr n` tfk abba`k`ek g`m kxtk`t n rkouigr Gretae trg`sats) snbk

    seak`tae stumaks suookst tfgt a`erkgsa`o tkbpkrgturks waii rksuit a` g skgsn`giiy

    aek"rkk Gretae gs kgriy gs tfk 8:5:s.7= Gs tfk aek rkekmks) bg`y kxpket tfk npk`a`o

    n bnrk kxpkmatanus trgvki rnutks)7; watf en`skquk`eks nr a`tkr`gtan`gi skeuraty g`m

    enbbkreagi getavataks.73 A` pgrtaeuigr) twn trg`s"Gretae rnutks grk kxpketkm tn hkenbk

    a`erkgsa`oiy erataegi4 tfk @nrtfwkst Zgssgok g`m tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk.7?

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae = Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

    ]fk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk rkkrs tn tfk rnutks ru``a`o gin`o tfk `nrtfkr` engsts n

    Kurgsag g`m Uahkrag hktwkk` tfk Hgrk`ts Ukg g`m tfk Efulefa Ukg.76 Gs n Du`k 3) 8:75)

    tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk Enbbassan` gpprnvkm ty"nur vksskis tn usk tfk @nrtfkr`

    Ukg Xnutk mura`o tfk 8:75 subbkr.71 ]fk `ubhkr n vksskis usa`o tfk @nrtfkr` UkgXnutk sa`ek 8:7: fgs a`erkgskm tk`nim.8: ]fk @nrtfwkst Zgssgok en``kets Hg` Hgy

    g`m Mgvas Utrgat a` tfk Gtig`tae tn tfk Hkgunrt Ukg a` tfk Gretae g`m a`eiumks gii rnutks

    gin`o tfk `nrtfkr` engst n @nrtf Gbkraeg tfrnuof tfk Eg`gmag` Gretae Grefapkigon.87

    Hntf rnutks en``ket tfk Zgeae g`m tfk Gtig`tae Nekg`s tfrnuof tfk Hkra`o Utrgat)88

    g`m tfky fgvk tfk pntk`tagi tn mkerkgsk tfk trgvki mastg`ek hktwkk` Kurnpk g`m

    Gsag hy up tn ;)8:: `gutaegi baiks.85 Gitfnuof tfk prksk`ek n skgsn`gi aek iabats tfk

    rkouigr usk n tfksk `gvaogtan`gi rnutks) hntf Gretae" g`m `n`"Gretae"stgtks skkl tn

    usk tfksk wgtkrs bnrk rkquk`tiy.8=

    ]fk iuergtavk gvaogtan` pntk`tagi n tfksk rnutks bust hk hgig`ekm goga`st

    k`varn`bk`tgi prntketan`. Eg`gmg eigabs tfk wgtkrs tfgt enbprask tfk @nrtfwkstZgssgok gs ats a`tkr`gi wgtkrs.8; Xussag eigabs tfk wgtkrs n skvkrgi strgats gin`o tfk

    @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk gs a`tkr`gi wgtkrs g`m gppiaks Grtaeik 85=) pkrtga`a`o tn aek"

    envkrkm grkgs n tfk KKT) tn tfk rkst n tfk rnutk.83 ]fk [`atkm Utgtks) gbn`o ntfkr

    `gtan`s) fgs en`sastk`tiy masgorkkm watf tfksk eigabs)8? groua`o tfgt tfksk rnutks

    sfnuim hk onvkr`km hy tfk ikogi rkoabk n trg`sat pgssgok tfrnuof strgats uskm nr

    a`tkr`gtan`gi gvaogtan`.86

    Hntf Eg`gmg g`m tfk Xussag` Ckmkrgtan` fgvk k`getkm rkouigtan`s tfgt tfk [`atkm

    Utgtks hkiakvks gbnu`t tn u`wgrrg`tkm rkstraetan`s n` tfk raoft n trg`sat pgssgok.

    Eg`gmg) nr kxgbpik) abpnskm g bg`mgtnry sfap rkpnrta`o g`m vksski trge skrvaek

    systkb &@NXMXKO! tfgt onvkr`s trg`sat tfrnuof tfk @nrtfwkst Zgssgok.81 @NXMXKO

    envkrs Eg`gmgs KKT g`m tfk skvkrgi @nrtfwkst Zgssgok rnutks a` tfk Eg`gmag` Gretae

    Grefapkigon.5: Eg`gmg spkeaegiiy eatks [@EINU Grtaeik 85= tn dustay @NXMXKO)

    gsskrta`o tfgt tfk rkpnrta`o rkquarkbk`ts grk tn prkvk`t g`m rkmuek bgra`k pniiutan`

    rnb vksskis a` tfk mkiaegtk Gretae wgtkrs.57 Uabaigriy) tfk Xussag` Ckmkrgtan` fgs

    fastnraegiiy iabatkm trg`sat pgssgok a` tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk)58 usa`o [@EINU

    Grtaeik 85= tn dustay tfk iabatgtan`s)55 g`m fgs rkek`tiy abpikbk`tkm bnrk kxtk`savk

    u`aigtkrgi rkouigtan`s tn k`surk sfappa`o sgkty g`m k`varn`bk`tgi prntketan`.5= _atf

    rkekma`o gbnu`ts n aek nr sao`aeg`t pnrtan`s n tfk ykgr) wfktfkr tfk @nrtfwkst

    Zgssgok nr tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk bkkts Grtaeik 85=s eiabgtae rkquarkbk`ts nr aek"

    envkrkm grkgs as mkhgtghik.5;

    [`mkr [@EINU) engstgi stgtks skkla`o tn prkserahk skg"ig`ks g`m trge skpgrgtan`

    sefkbks a` strgats uskm nr a`tkr`gtan`gi gvaogtan` bust rkekavk gpprnvgi hy g

    enbpktk`t a`tkr`gtan`gi nrog`azgtan` pranr tn gmnptan`.53 ]fk A`tkr`gtan`gi Bgratabk

    Nrog`azgtan` &ABN! iis tfas rnik. ]fk [`atkm Utgtks as wnrla`o watf ntfkr Gretae

    `gtan`s tfrnuof tfk ABN tn erkgtk g bg`mgtnry Znigr Enmk tfgt waii envkr gii

    bgttkrs rkikvg`t tn sfaps npkrgta`o a` hntf Gretae wgtkrs g`m tfk wgtkrs surrnu`ma`o

    G`tgretaeg.5? ]fk ABN rkek`tiy g``nu`ekm tfgt tfk Znigr Enmk waii hk npkrgtan`gi gs

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae ; Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

    kgriy gs 8:7; g`m waii hk abpikbk`tkm hy 8:73.56 ]fk kxtk`t tn wfaef tfk Znigr Enmk

    rken`eaiks Xussag` g`m Eg`gmag` a`tkrksts a` rkouigta`o tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk g`m

    @nrtfwkst Zgssgok watf rkkmnb n `gvaogtan` a`tkrksts waii hk erataegi.

    K`varn`bk`tgi Zrntketan`

    @n gtan`) a`eiuma`o tfk [`atkm Utgtks) masputks tfk bnrgi g`m ken`nbae abpkrgtavk

    tn prntket tfk Gretaes prasta`k k`varn`bk`t. ]fk [`atkm Utgtks u`mkrstg`ms tfk

    rgoaiaty n tfk rkoan` g`m tfk kkm tn prgetaek rkspn`sahik stkwgrmsfap wfaik

    pursua`o ats Gretae a`tkrksts.51 [@EINU pigys g prnba`k`t hut `nt kxeiusavk rnik

    a` tfas rkogrm.

    [@EINU erkgtks g` nhiaogtan` tn prntket g`m prkskrvk tfk bgra`k k`varn`bk`t.=:

    Fnwkvkr) at gvnams spkeae ruiks nr stg`mgrms a` gvnr n erkgta`o zn`ks n rkouigtnry

    enbpktk`ek g`m prnvama`o g rgbkwnrl n pra`eapiks mksao`km tn k`enurgok tfk

    erkgtan` n bnrk spkeae ruiks g`m stg`mgrms tfrnuof mnbkstae rkouigtan` g`mskpgrgtk a`tkr`gtan`gi gorkkbk`ts.

    [@EINU prnvamks stgtks watf kxeiusavk) snvkrkao` durasmaetan` tn rkouigtk tfk

    k`varn`bk`t watfa` tfkar tkrratnragi skg.=7 Utgtks gisn fgvk snvkrkao` raofts nr

    tfk purpnsk n kxpinra`o g`m kxpinata`o) en`skrva`o g`m bg`goa`o tfk `gturgi

    rksnureks . . . n tfk wgtkrs supkrdgek t tn tfk skghkm g`m n tfk skghkm g`m ats

    suhsnai)=8 g`m durasmaetan` . . . watf rkogrm tn . . . tfk prntketan` g`m prkskrvgtan`

    n tfk bgra`k k`varn`bk`t a` tfk kxeiusavk ken`nbae zn`k &KKT!.=5 A` kxkreasa`o

    raofts g`m pkrnrba`o mutaks a` tfk KKT) engstgi stgtks bust mn sn watf muk

    rkogrm nr tfk raofts g`m mutaks n ntfkr stgtks)== `nt tfk ikgst n wfaef as rkkmnb

    n gvaogtan`.

    A` gmmatan` tn tfk ABN Znigr Enmk maseusskm ghnvk) skvkrgi a`tkr`gtan`gi k`varn`bk`tgi

    gorkkbk`ts g`m ouamkia`ks guobk`t [@EINU. ]fk A`tkr`gtan`gi En`vk`tan` nr tfk

    Zrkvk`tan` n Zniiutan` rnb Ufaps &BGXZNI ?5?6!) g trkgty abpikbk`tkm hy tfk ABN

    &Bgrpni as sfnrt nr bgra`k pniiutan` g`m ?5?6 stg`ms nr tfk ykgrs 71?5 g`m 71?6!)

    onvkr`s tfk rkouigtan`) rkmuetan`) g`m prkvk`tan` n sfap pniiutan` eguskm hy

    npkrgtan`gi nr geeamk`tgi getavataks.=; ]fk Gretae Enu`eai ba`astkrs rkek`tiy sao`km tfk

    Gorkkbk`t n` Ennpkrgtan` n` Bgra`k Nai Zniiutan` Zrkpgrkm`kss g`m Xkspn`sk a`

    tfk Gretae tfgt erkgtkm g rkoan`gi rkspn`sk pig` tn ennpkrgtavkiy gmmrkss nai spaiis

    a` tfk Gretae.=3 ]fk Gretae Enu`eai fgs gisn erkgtkm wnrla`o ornups) pgrtaeuigriy tfk

    Zrntketan` n tfk Gretae Bgra`k K`varn`bk`t _nrla`o Ornup &ZGBK!) tn rkskgref g`m

    erkgtk rkpnrts ghnut k`varn`bk`tgi en`ekr`s u`aquk tn tfk Gretae.=? ZGBK prkvanusiy

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 3 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 73 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 7? Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 8: Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 87 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 88 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 8= Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

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    ]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 83 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat

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