the ottoman empire. ottoman turks named after leader, osman in late 1200s 1453- constantinople...
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The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Turks
Named after leader, Osman in late 1200s 1453- Constantinople became their
capital: renamed Istanbul End of Byzantine Empire
1500s- Sultan Selim I took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia Control of holy cities: Jerusalem, Mecca,
Medina Declared himself the new caliph, successor to
Muhammad, defender of faith
Suleiman I, “The Lawgiver” Ruled from 1520-1566 Was both sultan (political
and military ruler) & caliph (Sunni Islamic ruler)
Power passed through hereditary lines
Grand vizier: sultan’s political advisor
Ulema: sultan’s group of religious advisors
Janissaries: members of the army, often captured from Christian families as children.
Ottoman Law
Social classes: Rulers: sultan +officials Nobles: owned lots of landagriculture Peasants: worked those farms (BIGGEST
GROUP!)
Ottomans and Religion
Some religious tolerance
Other religions could have a leader who presented the desires of the group (millets)
More lenient towards women Could own property Couldn’t be forced into marriage Could seek divorce
Ottoman Empire, continued
Strong Navy to protect trade Europeans concerned about Ottoman
threat to trade and Christianity 1572- Battle of Lepanto- Spanish fleet
defeated the Ottoman fleet Ruled until early 1900s, but began losing
territory after loss of the Battle of Carlowitz in 1699 Corruption, introduction of alcohol, coffee
and tobacco went against Islamic laws
Ottoman Art
• Pottery, rugs, silk, textiles, jewelry, arms and armor, architecture
mosques modeled after Hagia Sophia minarets- towers that call Muslims to prayer
The Safavid Empire
Islamic Split
Safavid Persians broke away from the Islamic Empire because of religious differences. Ottoman sultan claimed religious rule Safavid’s followed Shi’ite Islam: religious
rule passes down through the line of Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali
Safavids required all subjects to accept Shi’ite form of Islam
Shah Abbas
Ruled from 1587-1629 Built Isfahan as the
Safavid capital Many building projects Imam Mosque, parks,
palace Tried to gain any allies
possible against Ottomans Even teamed up with
Britain, an Christian state
Safavid Culture
Persian culture spread Language, diplomacy, trade Delicate architecture
Imam Mosque
Decline
After Shah Abbas, there was a series of weak rulers.
1736- Nader Shah expanded Persian empire to greatest height, but he was assassinated in 1747
Late 1700s- Qajar Turks took the throne and ruled until 1925
The Mogul Empire
Early Mogul Empire
Late 1300s-Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) ruled central Asia/India Ruthless leader 1398- destroyed Delhi, killing thousands After his death, his Muslim Empire started
to crumble 1526- Babur (descendent of Timur Lenk)
conquered Delhi at Battle of Panipat Set up Mogul Dynasty
Akbar the Great Babur’s grandson was Akbar
Benevolent ruler who inherited the throne at age 14
Brought peace and order to northern India
Empire seemed centralized, but actually many semi-independent states held together by Emperor Akbar
Encouraged religious tolerance to ensure peace between Muslims (monotheistic) and Hindus (many gods)
Din-i-ilahi (The Divine Faith) Akbar’s created religion that
combined aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and others.
Mogul Culture
Music, painting, literature flourished in Mughal India
Courts were centers of art and learning, built libraries Akbar was illiterate!
Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal at Agra Trade with China brought gunpowder, paper,
and Chinese porcelain to Mogul India
Taj Mahal
Mogul Decline
Late 1600s- religious toleration was abandoned
Right to the throne caused fighting between the ruling family
Persecution of Hindus and Sikhs (another middle eastern religion) led these religious groups to rebel, thus weakening the empire.