the outturn of highly qualified s&t manpower of...
TRANSCRIPT
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research
Vol. 59, October 2000, pp 79 I -807
The Outturn of Highly Qualified S&T Manpower of India
S Madan*, Y P Sehgal & S N Gandhi t
DSTP, Human Resource Development Group ,
t iSTAD, So ftware Development Group, Council of Sc ientific & Indus trial Research (CSIR), New Delhi I I 0 01 2
Received : 27 April 2000; accepted: 12 June 2000
The outturn of highly qualified (doctorate) scientific and technical (S&T) manpower from all the Institutions of higher learning of the country during the period 1990-1998 is reported. The introductory issues on the total outturn of doctorates from the faculty of Natural Science, Engineering and Technology, Medicine, Agricultural and Veterinary sciences are presented. The information was collected from UGC, Annual Reports. However, the outturn of doctorates (S&T) from various national Instituti ons of higher learning has been termed here by the authors as "The Outturn of Highly Qualitied Manpower of India". The main emphasis is on the doctorate degree holders in Natural Sciences whose database is being updated by the Human Resource Development Group (DSTP), CS IR at present for a complete report on Sciences at the national level. Based on the database information of CSIR the state-wise estimated distribution of the highly qualitied Ph D I D Sc I D Litt degree holders in Natural Sciences for eight years, i.e., w.e.f. 1990 till 1997 is presented. The last secti on is confined to the state-wise and subject-wise distribution of sciences of the expected records based on estimated fi gure that has been obtained for each state in section 2 of the paper. The estimati on is as good as the outturn data col lected w.e.f. 1990 till 1997.
Introduction
1 Outturn of Highly Qualified (Doctorate) Manpower in Science and Technology (S&T)
In 1989, the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) published information on the outturn of trained Scientific and Technical (S&T) manpower from all the educational systems of the country for the period 1947 to 1983 (ref. 1) . Later in 1993, CSIR published the corresponding information from all the educational systems for the period 1984 to 1989 (ref. 2). The S&T manpower includes Natural Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Medical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, and Veterinary Sciences outturns from various Institutions of higher learning.
In this report the authors are concerned about the outturn of highl y qualified (doctorate) S&T manpower for the period 1990 to 1998 that needs to be viewed from the year-wise data on the outturn s of PhD I DLitt I DSc degree holders from all the educational systems of the country. The year-wise outturn data was obtained from the University Grant
* Author for correspondence
Commission (UGC) and the same was collected by UGC, either through correspondence on the proforma or by actual ascertainment of records kept at the concerned institutions.
The study pertains to the fac t that a qualitati ve data is always a good measure of the population under study . The analysis of S&T outturn data in va ri ous forms that can provide us with the measures of S & T manpower of the country, resources availab le and the ir requirements in the near future can be evaluated. The evaluation of the desired measures can be helpfu l to the government to a great extent in adopting the scientific policy resolution in context of those areas of S & T that would deploy the highl y qualified manpower to the extent to which the manpower to be deployed can be reso lved in order to meet the objectives of S & T development.
The effectiveness lies in planning of inputs of finances and that of infrastructure a long with the manpower requirement in the desired areas of S & T to create a base for scientific and industrial research aiming to generate new know ledge, make usc of the ex tttng technology and deve lopment of new tec hnology. The progress in scientific and industri al
research based on database like one presented in thi s report, is essential for the economic development of the nation . The sufficient information and inputs of finances, manpower, and infrastructure can help to a great extent in the economic development endeavor.
An important aspect of this study being that the S&T manpower which is highly qualified must be contained in our national system to strengthen the foundations of the country. In the due course of time the highly qualified manpower can become a powerful tool of the nation and thereby can create an effective influence at the international level for the advancement of S & T and technology and betterment and development of the global society of this fast changing world .
S&T Outturn Data of Doctorate Degree Holders During the Period 1990-1998
The study reveals (Table I) that there has been commensurate increase in the outturn of doctorate degree holders in the S&T related disciplines during the period 1990 to 1996, but decrease in the outturn is observed during the year 1996-97. The change in the trend might have been affected by the policies adopted in the year 1995 and as such the factors responsible for this turnover call for immediate attention of the higher education board. It can be observed by comparing the outtum data for 1995-96 and 1996-97 that the change in science and engineering/technology outturns is quite significant, i.e. the figure of 3861 dropped to 3498 in science faculty, whereas in engineering/technology outturn dropped from 374 to 298. There is slight change in the outturns of medicine from 1995-96 to 1996-97. The remammg faculties, e.g. agriculture and veterinary
science follow a commensurate increase in the outturn from 1990 to 1997 but a decreasing trend is observed during the next year 1997-98.
Two charts presented by Figures 1 and 2, respectively, display the outcome of Table I . A yearwise bar-chart (Figure I) shows the total number of degree holders in the S&T areas, i.e. , sc ience, engineering/technology, medicine, agriculture, and veterinary science. The bar chart, however, supports the contention of Table I that a signifi cant increase in the outturn has been observed during the period 1990 to 1996 and a decrease in I 996-97 and again an increase in 1997-98.
The pie charts (Figure 2 alb) display the tota l number of outturns from each faculty during the period 1990 to 1998 and the segments' areas are bounded by the total figure of the entries of each column (faculty). It is, however, observed that the maximum figure of 27895 that is 7 I .0 per cent of the total is made up by sc ience faculty and a minimum of 1059 (3.0 per cent) by veterinary science.
It is reported here that the Table I has been compiled from the provisional data given by UGC from whom CSIR has been obtaining most of the data. According to UGC the data (Table I) includes the information of the doctorate awarded, as well as a backlog of the non- awardees of the previous year. In order to update the data of the doctorate degrees awarded each year, UGC carried out the ir studies with the plans of Annual Reports writing as being the ongoing exercise3 and updating programs under a new set-up comprising Statistical team from I 994 onwards, that has provided CSIR the latest information on the outturn of Natural Sciences for the period 1995 to 1998, which is appended subsequently.
Table I - S&T outturn data of doctorate degree holders during the period 1990-1998
Faculty Year-wi se
1990-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-1 998 Total
Science 3002 3226 3386 3467 3657 386 1 3498 3798 27895
Eng /Tech 260 299 323 329 337 374 298 709 2929
Medicine 101 107 116 145 116 135 133 193 1046
Agriculture 690 653 611 769 766 780 968 800 6037
Veterinary science 152 129 112 114 129 138 152 133 1059
Total 4205 4414 4548 4824 5005 5288 5049 5625 38966
MADAN et al, : S&T MANPOWER IN INDIA 793
5003
5000
4000
JODO
0 1}-JG-9! ~t-'J2 ~7·~ 5J !).t
Y••u ·· ·="
Figure I - S & T outturn data of doctorate degree holders
2 Natural Sciences
The state-wise report gives an overall view of the perfo rmance at the state level in natura l sciences. It also draws a special attention to the past problems that occurred in some parts of the state due to which the fi gure remained below as compared to other states. It is to be noted that the outturn data on natural sciences for the peri od 1998 onwards is being worked out at present. It is, however, reported that what is being presented in the tabular form should be considered as an expected figure that is distributed state-wise. The outturn data in natural sciences, statewise is presented for the period of eight years, w.e.f. 1990 till 1997, in thi s Secti on.
State-wise Doctorate Degree Holders fo r the Period ofEight Years, 1990-1 997
In Table 2, the state-w ise distributi on of estimated number of doctorates based on actual data maintained by the Council of Scientific & Industria l Research (CSIR) has been shown . The estimati on has been done to show the exactness of the figures reported by UGC in Table I on natural sciences at the national level. The outturn data of the doctorate degrees from various Institutions has been maintained by CSIR as well as UGC, whereas the data reported by UGC has been accepted as more re liable.
The di stribution (pie chart) of the total outturn in natura l sciences, year-wise, for the period of e ight years ( 1990-97) at the nati onal level is given in Figure 3. The pie chart represents the total outturn of doctorates in natural sciences for each year, as shown in Table 2.
Vc:crinary Science 3'Y.
2 789 5
(a)
S(."ience 7 1%
(b)
Medicine
3%
Engg.ITech
8%
lEI Science
fll Engg/Tech
DMedicine
0 Ag riculture
• Veterinary Science
Figure 2a,b- Faculty-wise total outturn
3800
3656
3002 3225
1B 1990
. 1991
01992
0 1993
3386 • 1994 3468 00 1995
.1996
@] 1997
Figure 3- Esti mated year-wise di stri bution of doctorates in natural sciences
State-wise and Subject-wise Distribution Based on Estimated Figure for Each State from Section 2
In this section, the estimated f igure obtained for each state from section 2 (Table 3) are presented to show the subj ect-wise distribution for each state. T he actual figures are currently maintained by CSIR fo r a final report on natura l sciences outturn of the highly qualifi ed manpower of the nation.
Conclusions
The outturn information on Natural Sciences maintained by CSIR for the period, w.e.f. 1995 till 1998, has been quite reasonable in respect of the doctorate awarded in the Institutions of hi gher learning in the country . For the deployment and development of the highly quali fied manpower of our
Table 2- State wise estimated distribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990- 1997
State
Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chandigarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Grand total
1990
52 184 23 49 0
145 57 20 23 167 32 162 412 20 14 0
87 0
57 162 218 0
389 438
3004
199 1
259 61 142 27 11 2 2
123 59
16 30 133 24 186 481 15 17 0
126 0
43 208 233 0
496 43 1
3224
1992
280 48 159 38 63
152 77
26 7
~8
38 171 581 2g
17 0
121 0
69 283 216 0
585 327
3385
country, CSIR promises to take all necessary steps in accommodating the doctorates suitably so as to build a national image, both at home and abroad.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge with humble thanks and admire the work of UGC and also the kind spirit shown by UGC staff towards CSIR ts highly appreciated; otherwise this report would not have been made available to the scientific community for their scientific pursuit and for national planning with regard to the highly qualified manpower of the nation. Thanks are due to the Statistical team of UGC by one of the authors, and special thanks to the Head, Human
1993
284 69 178 32 11 9 2
128 77
25 20 123 52 145 434 20 13 0
86 0
49 198 385 0
518 509
3466
1994
347 57 107 0
180 0
143 98 29 33
203 56 132 517 44 14
0
41 23 80 188 40 1
0
476 493
3662
1995
392 81
253 61 74 7
162 62 19 29
260 128 120 418 44 34 0
11 3
25 53 137 434
0
556 401
3863
1996
313 78 193 46 85 7
104 63 28 27 176 124 199 458 17 21 0
105 0
60 146 466
I
402 379
3498
1997
313 58 180 59 179 12 95 68 19 19
234 193 260 536 23 19
104 9
46 150 398
5
SOl
319
3800
total
2480 504 1396 284 862 32
1050 560 183 187
1393 646 1375 3836 2 11
150 I
782 57
457 1472 2751
6
3922 3297
27894
Resource Development Group of the Counci l of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) .
References
Outturn of Trained Manpower in Sciences ( 1947-83), Vols 1-4 (Counci l of Scientific & Industri al Research (CSIR), ew Delhi) 1989.
2 Outtum of Scientific and Technical Manpower in In dia ( 1984-89), Vols 1-4 (Human Resource Development Group, Council of Scientific & Industrial Re earch (CS IR ). cw Delhi) 1993
3 Annual Reports ( 1990-98) (Universi ty Grants Commission, New Delhi )
MADAN et a/,: S&T MANPOWER IN INDI A
Table 3- State and subj ect-wise estimated distribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990- 1997
State
Andhra Pradesh
Anthropology
Applied geology
Applied Mi crobiology
Applied science for rural development
Astronomy
Biochemistry
Biosciences
Botany
Chemistry
Computer science
Genetics
Geography
Geology
Geophysics
Home science
Life science
Mathematics
Microbiology
Oceanography
Physics
Plant science
Polymer science
Science
Statistics
Subject-wise breakup exclud ing
Zoology
State total
Assam
Anth ropology
Applied geology
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Botany
Chemistry
Computer science
Electronics science
Environmental science
1990
2
0
0
0
I
7
2
46
83
13
3
II
I
2
6
12
7
0
34
0
0
0
6
0
47
292
6
I
2
I
10
7
I
0
2
199 1
0
0
0
0
3
6
0
49
78
2
8
I
9
6
3
8
20
5
0
18
0
0
0
4
0
31
259
4
I
0
3
16
II
0
0
1992
0
0
0
0
12
0
42
67
3
13
4
17
3
I
13
18
2
0
31
0
0
0
I
0
44
279
3
I
0
II
8
0
0
1993
0
0
0
0
I
13
0
36
79
0
10
0
15 10
5
16
I
0
21
I
0
0
5
0
63
284
5
I
0
II
13 0
0
0
1994
0
0
0
0
0
21
0
46
84
9
4
0
10
6
6
15 18
13
0
49
4
0
0
6
0
52
346
3
0
I
0
10
6
0
0
0
1995
I
0
0
0
0
15 0
49
83
3
8
10
13
I
8
13
29
3
52
3
0
14
15 0
64
39 1
2
5
0
4
14
8
0
0
0
1996
3
I
0
0
0
II
28 25
I
0
7
2
0
9
13
13
0
0
27
6
2
8
127
20 312
4
I
0
2
9
10
0
0
1997
2
0
I
0
0
17
0
42
74
II
I
13
0
9
0
13
2
0
27
6
0
0
3
43
45
3 12
I
3
0
7
12
0
0
0
795
Total
8
0
7
105
3
343
576
21
69
28 91 28 41
75
143
36
262
22
16
50
170
370
2480
30
15
5
14
91 77
I
0
5
-Contd
Table 3- State and subject-wise estimated distributi on of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990- 1997- (Cant d)
State
Geography
Geology
Home science
Library science
Lite science
Mathematics
Physics
Stat istics
Subjett-wise.breakup exc luding
ZoQiogy
State Total
Bihar
t'\nthropo logy
Appli ed Chemistry
Appli ed Geo logy
Applied Geophysics
Applied Mathemati cs
Appli ed Physics
Appli ed Statistics
Botany
Chemistry
Geography
Geology
Home Science
Materi al Science
Mathematics
Physics
Statistics
Subject-wise breakup exclud ing
Zoology
Chand igarh
Anthro pology
Biochemistry
State Total
Biometry and Nutri tion
Biophysics
Bioscienccs
Biotechnology
Botany
hemistry
Computer Science
E!l'ct ron ics Science
Energy Studies
1990
5
I
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
3
5 1
0
8
5
7
2
3
0
30
34
12
6
0
0
26
10
5
0
3 1
184
2
I
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
199 1
3
0
0
I
0
3
6
I
0
6
6 1
0
2
4
6 2
26
25
II
2
0
0
26
12
0
0
18
142
0
I
0
0
0
0
3
8
0
0
0
1992
2
2
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
8
48
0
8
6
5
0
0
0
33
37
13
2
0
0 17
5
I
0
26
158
4
0
0
0
0
4
9
0
0
0
1993
I
5
0
0
6
0
5
5
0
II
68
0 5
8 0
42
35
15
5
0
0
25
10
I
0
25
178
3
3
0
6
0
0
3
6
0
0
0
1994
6
0
I
0
0
19
0
0
7
57
0
10
16
4
3
0
0
16
12
0
0
0
I
12
3
4
0
22 106
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1995
8
3
0
0
3
3
8
4
0
13
80
II
I
5
0
0
I
0
53
38
4
I
9
0
64
19
0
0
42
252
2
3
0
I
0
5
13
9
I
()
0
1996
3
5
I
0
2
6
8
2
18
2
77
0
2
2
3
3
0
21
24
5
0
2
0
46
9
4
35
32 193
2
3
0
2
0
6
5
9
0
0
0
1997
3
6
0
0
2
7
6
3
0 6
57
0
0
2
3
2
0
19
32
6
5
3
0
34
15
0
32 24
179
0
7
2 ()
8
()
4
II
()
Tota l
33
23
2
I
14
26
67
16
18
59
503
II
38
51
28
13
13
2
242
239
69
22 14
I
253
85
16
67
223 1396
II
24
2
10
8
12
40
60
-Contd
Table 3- State and subj ect-wi se estimated distribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990- 1997- (Conte/)
State
Geography
Geology
Home Science
Mathematics
Microbiology
Physics
Stati sti cs
Zoology
Delhi
State Total
Anthropology
Atmospheri c Science
Biochemistry
Biophysics
Biosciences
Botany
Chemi stry
Computer Science
Electronics Science
Environmental Science
Genetics
Geography
Home science
Life science
Mathematics
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Physics
Statistics
Subject-wise breakup excluding
Zoology
State Total
Goa
Chemistry
Computer science
Geology
Marine biology
Marine Science
Mathemati cs
Microbiology
Physics
Zoology
State Total
1990
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
6
22
0
I
0
0
I
0
5
3
0
0
8
3
0
0
8
3
0
12
0
0
0
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
199 1
0
0
0
2
2
I
6
26
0
6
0
0
8
0
16
I
0
0
12
27
0
0
8 8
0
23
0
0
0
112
I
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
2
1992
0
8
0
I
0
2
I
5
37
0
4
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
19
4
0
0
3
II
0
12
0
0
0
63
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
1993
0
0
0
0
5
3
0
0
31
0
0
0
10
0
8
I
0
0
16
26
0
0
15
II
5
21
0
0
0
11 9
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
1994
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
15
0
0
0
0
18 0
0
9
0
0
15
0
11 8
0
180
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1995
4
I
0
3
I
5
I
5
60
0
0
2
0
3
0
3
2
0
17
0
II
0
13
4
0
10
3
0
0
0
73
3
0
0
0
I
0
I
0
7
1996
5
0
0
2
3
4
0
2
45
0
0
I
0
6
4
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
I
0
0
3
0
58
0
85
I
0
I
2
I
0
I
0
7
1997
2
5
2
2
2
8
0
3
58
5 0
4
13
29
4
II
9
2
4
6
17
7
3
3
28 3
17
10
178
0
I
0
I
7
0
0
2
12
Total
12
14
2
II
13
25 3
30
284
5
14
7
I
34
17
83
14
II
26
59
107
6
30
57
38
18 120
3
194
10
862
5
2
10 3
2
4
31
-Contd
Table 3 - State and subject-wise estimated distribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990-1997- (Contd)
State
Gujarat
Applied chemistry
Applied physics
Biochemistry
Biology
Biosciences
Botany
Chemistry
Ecology
Environmental Science
Geography
Geology
Home Science
Life science
Material science
Mathematics
Microbiology
Physics
Science
Statistics
Zoo logy
Haryana
Biochemistry
Biosciences
Biotechnology
Botany
Chemistry
State Total
Child development
Clothing and textile
Computer science
Food and nutrition
Genetics
Geography
Home science
Life science
Live stock Production and Management
Mathematics
Microbiology
Physics
Physiology
Rural Sociology
Statistics
1990
0
0
2
I
20
61
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
5
13
0
3
23
145
8
0
0
2
15
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
I
6
5
3
0
5
2
1991
0
0
0
6
9
54
0
0
I
3
0
0
0
6
5
18
0
5
9
122
5
0
0
5
16
0
0
0
2
4
0
0
0
I
6
6
2
1992
0
0
2
32
59
0
0
I
8
0
3
0
5
3
23
0
8
2
151
5
0
0
10
20
0
0
0
3
3
2
0
0
3
3
4
4
0
2
1993
0
0
I
5
3
25
48 0
0
0
3
0
5
0
0
8
10
0
3
13
127
3
0
0
5
21
3
0
0
5
3
3
0
0
0
5
6
I
0
0
0
1994
4
I
10
10
40
3
0
0
I
13
4
0
3
7
16
0
3
19
142
6
6
0
13
19
0
0
0
0
0
I
9
0
0
10
6
6
0
0
6
1995
I
0
I
I
5
II
46
I
5
0
2
0
4
9
II
39
4
I I
161
0
0
3
10
0
0
I
0
4
I
5
2
0
3
2
9
0
0
8
1996
0
I
3
0
4
6
48
0
7
0
4
0
5
5
13
0
0
2
103
3
I
0
5
14
0
0
0
0
3
4
5
0
0
3
2
9
0
0
1997
0
0
I
0
2
5
46 0
0
0
6
5
4
I
12
0
I
9
94
I
8
0
13
16
0
0
I
0
0
I
4
0
0
3
5
2
0
0
5
Total
2
2
15
17
30
120 406
4
2
4
45
18
20 I
31
46 11 9
39
29
91
1050
35
15
()
59
135
3
0
2
12
20
13
24
2
5
42
38
39
I
8
25
-Contd
MADAN eta/,: S&T MANPOWER IN INDIA 799
Table 3- State and subject-wi se estimated distribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990-1997- (Con td)
State
Zoology
State Total
Himachal Pradesh
Biosciences
Biotechnology
Botany
Chemistry
Home science
Mathematics
Micribiology
Physics
Zoology
State Total
Jammu& Kashmir
Biochemistry
Botany
Chemistry
Electroni cs science
Geography
Geology
Home science
Mathematics
Physics
Stati stics
Zoology
Karnataka
Anthropology
State Total
Applied botany
Applied electronics
Applied geology
Applied mathematics
Biochemistry
Biology
Biosciences
Biotechnology
Botany
Chemistry
Criminology
Environmental science
Fisheries science
1990
3 56
II
0
0
5
0
2
0
I
0
20
0
I
II
0
I
0
6
0
0
22
0
3
2
0
8
17
0
2
0
3
17
0
0
7
1991
3
59
4
0
0
4
0
4
0
2
0
16
0
5
2
0
2
0
5
I
0
II
30
0
4
I
0
2
22
0
4
0
3
8
0
0
3
1992
II
77
5
0
0
II
0
6
0
2
0
26
0
3
0
I
0
0
0
I
0
0
I
6
0
I
0
5
10
0
2
0
3
9
0
0
3
1993
18
77
6
0
0
II
0
3
0
3
0
25
0
5
3
0
0
I
0
I
0
0
8
20
0
10
0
0
0
18
0
3
0
II
18
0
0
6
1994
13
97
7
0
0
12
0
6
I
0
28
4
6
0
0
9
0
I
3
0
7
33
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
0
0
37
36
0
0
0
1995
7 61
0
0
3
5
2
0
0
I
5
19
0
5
2
0
I
3
0
4
2
7
28
4
I
0
0
5
30
9
7
0
36
28
0
0
0
1996
9
62
0
0
5
10
3
2
0
4
2
27
3
I
3
0
0
2
0
2
6
0
8 26
I
0
0
I
0
14
0
4
I
20
43
0
0 0
1997
8
67
0
0
4
8
0
I
0
3
3
19
0
3
3
0
0
2
2
3
0
0
6
19
2
2
0
0
0
14
0
9 4
19
40
0
I
0
Total
75
560
35
0
12
69
5
26
I
19
II
182
4
30
3 1
I
3
21
2
22
15
2
51
187
7
22 4
22 151
9
33 5
136
202
0
21
-Contd
Table 3- State and subject-wise estimated di stribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990- 1997- (Contd)
State
Geography
Geology
Home science
Industri al chemistry
In forma ti on science
Inorganic and physical chemistry
Li brary science
Marine biology
Marine geology
Mathematics
Microbiology
Microbiology and cell biology
Molecular biophysics
Organic chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Science
Solid state and structural chemistry
Speech and hearing
Statisti cs
Subject-wise breakup excluding
System science
Zoology
State Total
Kerala
Appl ied chemistry
Astronomy
Biochemistry
Biomaterial sciences
Botany
Chemistry
Engineering sc ience
Environmental science
Fisheries bi ology
Geology
Home science
Immunology
Inorganic and physical chemi stry
Life science
Marine biology
Material science
Mat hematics
Microbiology
Oceanography
1990
3
5
0
0
0
10
0
0
3
2
0
5
6
5
31
0
0
7
0
0
18
166
0
0
3
I
5
8
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
I
0
0
199 1
I
9
0
0
0
8
0
0
2
0
3
3
8
6
27
0
0
4
I
0
0
0
6
133
0
0
2
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1992
4
3
I
0
0
3
I
0
2
3
I
0
6
17
0
0
4
2
I
0
0
6
97
0
0
0
3
6
8
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1993
5
6
I
0
0
0
3
0
3
5
I
0
0
0
8
0
I
0
3
I
0
0
II
122
0
0
0
10
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
I
0
0
1994
6
24
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
25
4
0
0
0
3
0
0
28 202
0
I
I
3
15
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
I
0
0
1995
0
17
15
0
0
22 0
5
II
0
8
0
0
26
0
5
0
0
4
0
0
15
260
0
0
IS
3
2 1
17
I
0
0
I
0
I
3
0
0
5
0
0
1996
5
14
8
0
0
0
0
2
0
II
0
5
0
0
26
0
0
0
0
2
0
II
176
7
0
14
0
9
27
2
0
0
I
4
0
0
I
12
0
9
I
0
1997
3
13
2
I
I
0
0
I
0
II
0
0
0
0
21
6
0
0
I
3
65
0
13
234
0
0
8
II
10
2
0
3
I
0
2 1
3
0
29
3
I
0
Total
28 94
3 1
44
4
9
12
57
6
22
21
13
184
10
7
16
9
17
65
I
11 3
1393
7
46
15
84 92
6
2
0
5
6
0
23
20
12
29
23
2
()
-Contd.
MADAN el a/,: S&T MANPOWER IN INDI A 80 1
Table 3- State and subject-wise estimated distributi on of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990-1997- (Con!(/)
State
Organic chemi try
Physics
Polymer chemi stry
Science
Statistics
Subject-wise breakup excluding
System science
Zoology
State Total
Madhya Pradesh
Anthropology
Applied geo logy
Biochemistry
Biology
Bioscicnces
Botany
Chemistry
Criminology
Engineering chemistry
Environmental science
Genetics
Geography
Geology
Geophysics
Home science
Library science
Life science
Mathematics
Microbiology
Military science
Molecular biology
Physics
Statist ics
Subject-wise breakup excluding
Zoo logy
Maharashtra
Anthropology
State Total
Applied biology
Applied electronics
Biochemistry
Biometry and nutrition
Biophysics
1990
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
3 1
I
0
17
5
18 51
I
0
0
0
6
0
I
3
0
15
I
0
0
15
I
0
18
161
0
3
0
13
0
0
1991
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
9
24
I
3
0
8
9
31
50
I
0
0
0
0
I
0
I
0
15
0
10
0
22 3
0
26
186
0
8
0
20
0
1992
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
17
37
5 2
0
6
8
19
55
0
0
0
0
5
3
0
0
2
0
10
0
9
0
20
3
17
17 1
0
2
2
74
0
1993
0
6
I
0
0
0
0
18 52
5
0
0
13
0
18 48
0
0
0
0
I
3
0
3
I
0
8
0
0
0
23
3
II
144
0
0
0
3
I
0
1994
0
6
6
0
0 0
0
7
55
I
0
I
0
3
12
43
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
13
0
6
9
0
0
0
12
I
0
21
132
0
7
0
39
0
3
1995
0
16
2
I
20
0
0
15
128
0
0
4
0
14
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 10
0
21
10
0
2
0
10
3
3
10
119
4
0
24
0
0
1996
10
0
0
3
0
5 II
123
3
10
0
I
17
48
I
0
2
2
I
0
21
0
8
13
I
9
24
4
0
25
198
0
3
0
13
0
1997
2 13
6
0
I
69
0
6
192
6
I
0
0
10
2 1
48
0
0
4
0
3
7
7
19
0
3
II
10
I
0
30
6
47
24
260
4
8
0
78
Total
3
56
16
25
69
5
89
646
23
9
16
46
37
152
372
3
0
5
2
18
24
7
70
8
38 93
12 32
I
158
26
53
156
1375
-1
37
2
269
2
7
-Contd
802 J SCI !NO RES VOL 59 OCTOBER 2000
Table 3- State and subject-wise estimated di stribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990- 1997- (Cant d)
State
Biosciences
Biotechnology
Botany
Chemistry
Computer science
Earth science
Electronics science
Engineering science
Environmental science
Fisheries science
Genetics
Geography
Geology
Home science
Life science
Marine biology
Marine tisheres
Mathematics
Mechanics
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Physics
Physiology
Science
Statistics
Subject-wise breakup excluding
Veterinary pharmacology
Zoology
Manipur
Anthropology
C hemistry
Earth science
Geography
Life science
Mathematics
Physics
Stati stics
Megh alaya
Anthropology
Biochemistry
Biophysics
State Total
State Total
1990
0
0
32
188
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
5
7
3
5
0
0
21
0
10
0
64
0
18
0
0
0
26
411
0
II
5
0
0
20
0
2
0
1991
0
0
24
199
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
9
4
8
3
0
0
24
0
19
6
74
I
35
2
0
I
28
480
2
2
0
0
4
4
I
0
15
0
I
0
1992
0
0
36 197
4
3
0
2
I
0
0
2
II
5
2
0
0
19
0
2 1
6
84 0
48 0
0
0
51
581
3
3
5
0
12
I
0
27
0
0
1993
0
0
33
!51
0
0
0
3
5 13
8 0
0
0
18
0
8
0
47
0
107
0
0
0
26
433
0
I
0
13
0
3
0
20
0
I
0
1994
0
0
39
195
I
0
0
I
10
0
0
13
12
13
3
0
0
24
0
16
9
82
0
0
7
0
0
37
516
0
4
6
4
2 1
6
I
0
43
0
I
0
1995
0
2
36 !57
3
0
0
4
7
0
0
7
3
3
0
0
19
0
IS
2
67
0
2
9
0
0
43
41 8
3
21 0
II
4
0
43
5
3
0
1996
0
0
44
162
I
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
II
16
5
I
0
16
0
16
62
0
I
2
55
0
37
457
7
0
I
0
3
I
I
3
17
3
1997
2
5
28 190
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
10
9
3
0
0
17
12
7
107
0
I
3
0
0
35
535
I
3
2
16
0
0 0
23
2
6
0
Total
2
7
276
1442
12
22
I
14
20
3
2
40
78
68
25
I
0
160
120
33
590
215
24
55
I
288 3835
19
17
38 6
94
19
12
3
210
II
17
2
-Contd
MADAN et al,: S&T MANPOWER IN INDIA 803
Table 3- State and subject-wise esti mated di stribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990-1997- (Contd)
State
Botany
Chemi stry
Geography
Geology
Mathematics
Physics
Zoology
Nagai and
Geo logy
Orissa
Anthropology
Botany
Chemistry
State Total
State Total
Earth science
Electron ics science
Geography
Geology
Horne science
Life science
Marine science
Mathemati cs
Physics
Psychology
Statistics
Zoology
Pondicherry
Botany
Chemistry
Stale Total
Ecology
Environmental science
Futurology
Mathematics
Mi crobiology
Physics
Physiology
Zoology
State Total
1990
0
3
0
0
I
5
13
0
0
2
25
2 1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
7
8
0
0
18
87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1991
0
4
0
0
0
4
6
17
0
0
27
40
0
0
4
I
I
5
0
II
10
5
2
13
126
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1992
0
5
0
0
0
4
5
17
0
0
5
25
29
0
0
2
I
0
2
0
13
18
10
0
II
120
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1993
0
6
0
0
13
0
0
I
5
23
0
0
I
5
0
6
0
II
10
5
0
15
85
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1994
4
4
0
0
0
13
0
0
0
22 0
0
0
0
I
3
0 4
4
I
0
0
3
40
0
I
3
0
I
6
0
9
0
22
1995
7
5
0
0
2
4
4
34
0
0
2
20
27
I
I
0
14
0
7
5
19
0
0
13
112
2
7
2
0
4
2
3
0
24
1996
3
8
I
0
0
0
3
2 1
0
0
3
21
29
2
0
0
3
8
0
3
4
14
0
12
104
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1997
2
6
0
0
I
2
0
19
4
25
27
0
0
0
5
II
16
0
0
12
103
0
0
7
0
0
0
I
0
I
0
9
Total
16
45
I
I
6
20
27
ISO
20
172
199
3
I
8
14
27
18
19
70
99
21
3
100
781
2
2
17
2
I
10
3
12
I
2
56
-Contd
Table 3- State and subj ect-wise estimated di stribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990-1997- (Contd)
State
Punjab
Astronomy and space physics
Biochemistry
Biosc icnces
Biotechnology
Botany
Chemistry
Computer science
Earth science
Forensi c science
Genetics
Geography
Geophysics
Home science
Human biology
Life science
Mathematics
Microbiology
Molecu lar biology
Physics
Sports science
Statistics
System science
Zoology
Raja th an
Biosciences
Botany
State Total
Chemistry
Computer science
Fisheries science
Food and nutrition
Geograph y
Geology
Home science
Life science
Mathematics
Physics
Psychology
Science
Statistics
Zoology
State Total
1990
7
0
0
7
II
0
0
0
3
I
0
0
5
2
0
0
0
8
0
2
0
5
56
0
39
49
0
0
0
0
2
I
0
12
10
0
20
I
25 161
1991
0
0
0
0
6
9
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
2
6
0
0
0
3
0
I
0
II
42
0
45
66
I
0
0
0
8
2
0
12
26
0
23
3
19 208
1992
0
4
0
0
9
19
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
9
5
0
0
0
4
0
I
0
13
69
0
62
87
I
0
0
9
2
0
26
25
0
17 4
46 283
1993
0
I
0
I
6
0
0
I
6
0
0
0
10
II
0
0
0
5
0
I
0
0
48
0
26
57
3
3
0
0
3
5
0
10
23
20
6
36
198
1994
0
15
I
0
6
10
I
0
0
9
0
I
0
0
16
I
0
6
0
I
0
7
79
25
70
6
0
0
7
3
0
16
19
3
0
4
28
187
1995
0
7
0
0
3
9
0
0
0
5
0
2
I
9
0
0
I
3
0
2
0
5
53
I
24
40
I
0
0
2
5
3
I
16
10
0
0
2
26 136
1996
I
8
0
2 5
6
0
2
0
5
0
2
4
0
4
0
0
0
6
0
3
2
6
59
0
28 40
6
0
0
4
4
0
18 17 4
0
4
17 146
1997
0
I
0
2
7
10
I
0
4
2
I
0
5
I
3
0
0
0
2
2
0
4
46
0
33
38
3
0
0
4
6
0
12
16
6
0
3
27 ISO
Total
2 45 I
5
47
83
2
2
5
35
2
4
II
28 60
39
I
15
2
54 456
2
285 449
22
4
0
5
44
27
125 149
15 80
30
226 1442
- Comd
MADAN et al,: S&T MANPOWER IN INDIA 805
Table 3- State and subject-wise estimated distribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990-1997- (Contd)
State
Tamil Nadu
Anlytical chemistry
Anthropology
Applied chemistry
Applied geography
Appliedgeology
Applied mathematics
Biochemistry
Biology
Biophysics
Biosciences
Biotechnology
Botany
Chemistry
Computer science
Earth science
Energy studi es
Environmental science
Fisheries science
Food and nutrition
Forensic science
Genetics
Geography
Geology
Home science
Industri al chemistry
Life science
Marine biology
Marine science
Material science
Mathematics
Meteorology
Microbiology
Military science
Nuclear chemistry
uclear physics
Organic chemistry
Physics
Physiology
Polymer science
Science
Statistics
Subject-wise breakup excluding
System science
1990
0
I
0
0
0
12
I
0
0
0
15
59
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
I
0
0
0
17
0
0
18
0
2
0
0
36
0
0
20 2
0
0
1991
3
0
0
0
0
0
13
I
2
0
0
24 46
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
9
0
0
15
0
0
0
0 2
34
0
0 48 2
0
0
1992
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
I
0
0
0
27 21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
4
0
3
I
23 0
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
28 0
40
2
0
0
1993
0
0
0
0
0
I
36
0
0
0
0
68 35
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
I
0
3
II
0
10
0
0
20 0
I
0
0
I
3
52 0
0
55
II
0
0
1994
3
0
0
0
0
0
9
27 I
0
0
51
73
0
0
3
6
0
3
0
0
16
3
0
15
0
0
39
I
0
0
0
3
39
I
0
61
6
0
0
1995
I
0
I
0
0
0
26 5
2
0
4
43
79
0
0
0
5
0
0
I
4
15
II
II
2
9
0
30
0
2
0
2
2
0
39
4
0
55
3
10
0
1996
I
0
0
27 17
2
I
3
46
77
2
0
3
8
0
0
2
2
8
13
8
6
12 0
0
32
0
4
I
0
0
0
41
0
51
9
9
1997
3
2
0
0
0
16
13
I
5
2
44
81
2
I
0
0
0
I
6
8
6
I
8
I
0
38
I
3
0
0
2
2
45
I
28 8
0
0
Total
3
5
I
I
157
66
9
6
9
322 475
6
I
8
27
3
3
2
8
9
43
52 44 10
105
212
2
13
2
12
9
3 17
7
3
361
46
20 I
-Contd
806 J SC I !NO RES VOL 59 OCTOBER 2000
Table 3- State and subject-wise estimated di stribution of doctorates in natural sc iences for the period 1990-1997 - (Contd)
State
Zoology
Tripura
Chemistry
Life science
Uttar Pradesh
Anthropology
Biochemi stry
Biosciences
Biotechnology
Botany
Chemistry
State Tota l
State Total
Computer science
Earth science
Engineering science
Environmental science
Geography
Geology
Geophysics
Home science
Life science
Mathematics
Microbiology
Military science
Physics
Physiology
Psychology
Remote sensing
Stati stics
Subject-wi se breakup excluding
System science
Zoology
State to tal
West Bengal
Anthropology
Applied chemistry
Applied geology
Applied mathematics
Applied physics
Applied psychology
1990
2 1
218
0
0
0
0
15
6
0
66 133
0
3
5
0
3
II
I
0
17 0
8
44
0
12
0
10 0
0
46
388
8
0
0
10
3
3
1991
23
232
0
0
0
0
33
2
0
97
125 0
3
I
0
10 17
3
4
0
45
0
8
40
0
24
0
15 0
0
63
495
II
0
0
4
6
2
1992
26
2 16
0 0
0
18
5
0
120 165
0
4
I
0
13
20
3
3
0
54
0
19
56
0
19
0
12 0
0
63
584
4
0
2
3
6
1993
57
384
0 0
0
26
5
0
87
134
0
8 I
0
13
10
I
58
0
8
53
0
23
3
20
0
0
55 517
II
0
II
5
0
5
1994
34
400
0
0
0
0
19
9
0
88
Ill
0
19
10
0
3
15
7
3
0
36
I
3
34
0
I
18
0
0
93
476
7
0
0
7
0
6
1995
51
433
0
0
0
I
27
5
2
84
174
0
5
0
0
2
17
8
3
46
10
57
0
I
0
28
I
0
74
555
9
0
0
7
0
3
1996
62
466
I
0
2
12
6
0
48
11 3
0
6
3
0
4
II
4
6
2
28
0
16
36
I
0
9
28
5
54
402
7
0
0
8
0
0
1997
60
397
3
2
5
0
16
0
10
83
11 2
I
4
I
2
6
12
4
6
6
46
3
5
47
0
0
5
70
0
57
500
2
0
0
3
0
Total
337
2750
4
2
6
6
169
40
12
677
1070
56
23
2
57
116
33
26
14
333
5
79
370
82
6
11 9
100
5
509 392 1
63
0
14
49
17 22
- Contd
MADAN eta/,: S&T MANPOWER IN INDIA 807
Table 3- State and subject-wise es timated distribution of doctorates in natural sciences for the period 1990- 1997- (Conttl}
State 1990 199 1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Total
Biochemistry 44 28 6 33 15 19 27 8 183 Biophysics 0 I 0 0 7 2 6 7 24
Botany 42 66 40 50 58 48 25 25 357 Chemistry 109 90 103 147 127 108 89 76 853 Compu ter science 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I
Ecology 0 0 0 0 I I 2 I 5 Food and nutriti on 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I
Geography 2 2 5 II 10 8 6 8 55 Geology 8 15 II 20 6 13 9 10 94 Geophysics 0 2 8 5 I 5 6 4 33 Home science I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Life science 3 4 0 0 0 0 2 II
Marine science 0 2 2 5 7 I I 0 19 Material science 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I
Mathematics 26 24 21 33 39 49 39 34 269 Meteorology 5 4 6 10 10 7 I 6 51 Microbiology 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Physics 63 62 49 94 76 59 67 53 525 Physiology 25 20 13 10 27 9 17 9 132 Psychology 2 I 3 0 6 0 2 16 Rad io physics/electroni cs 12 13 5 0 0 0 I 3 36 Stati sti cs 17 4 9 25 24 8 2 92 Subject-wise breakup excluding 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13 27 Zoology 45 57 19 26 51 39 43 47 331
State Total 438 430 326 509 492 401 378 318 3297
Grand total 3001 3226 3385 3466 3656 3861 3497 3798 27894