the oxford handbook of

LAW AND POLITICS

Whittington / The Oxford Handbooks of Law and Politics 00-Whittington-prelims Page Proof page i 17.12.2007 11:37am

the oxford handbook of

....................................................................................................................................................

LAW ANDPOLITICS

.....................................................................................................................................................

Edited by

K E I T H E . W H I T T I N G TO NR . DA N I E L K E L E M E N

a n d

G R E G O RY A . C A L D E I R A

1

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3Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp

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Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Pressin the UK and in certain other countries

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First published 2008

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Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, IndiaPrinted in Great Britain

on acid-free paper byBiddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk

ISBN 978–0–19–920842–5

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

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Contents................................................

About the Contributors x

PA RT I I N T RO D U C T I O N

1. The Study of Law and Politics 3

Keith E. Whittington, R. Daniel Kelemen,

& Gregory A. Caldeira

PA RT I I A P P ROAC H E S

2. Judicial Behavior 19

Jeffrey A. Segal

3. Strategic Judicial Decision Making 34

Pablo T. Spiller & Rafael Gely

4. Historical Institutionalism and the Study of Law 46

Rogers M. Smith

PA RT I I I C O M PA R AT I V E J UD I C I A L P O LI T I C S

5. The Rule of Law and Courts in Democratizing Regimes 63

Rebecca Bill Chavez

6. The Global Spread of Constitutional Review 81

Tom Ginsburg

7. Establishing and Maintaining Judicial Independence 99

Georg Vanberg

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8. The Judicialization of Politics 119

Ran Hirschl

9. Comparative Federalism and the Role of the Judiciary 142

Daniel Halberstam

10. Legal and Extra-Legal Emergencies 165

Kim Lane Scheppele

PA RT I V I N T E R NAT I O NA L A N D

S U P R A NAT I O NA L LAW

11. International Law and International Relations 187

Beth Simmons

12. The European Court of Justice and European Legal Integration:

An Exceptional Story or Harbinger of the Future? 209

Karen J. Alter

13. War Crimes Tribunals 229

Gary J. Bass

14. The Globalization of the Law 245

Bryant G. Garth

PA RT V FO R M S O F L E G A L O R D E R

15. Civil Law and Common Law: Toward Convergence? 267

Ugo Mattei & Luca Pes

16. Constitutionalism 281

Keith E. Whittington

17. Constitutional Law and American Politics 300

Mark A. Graber

18. The Legal Structure of Democracy 321

Richard H. Pildes

19. Administrative Law 340

Daniel B. Rodriguez

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vi contents

20. Legislation and Statutory Interpretation 360

Elizabeth Garrett

21. Informalism as a Form of Legal Ordering 378

Christine B. Harrington

PA RT V I S O U RC E S O F LAW A N D T H E O R I E S

O F J U R I S P RU D E N C E

22. Natural Law 399

Robert P. George

23. Rights in Legal and Political Philosophy 414

Matthew H. Kramer

24. Formalism: Legal, Constitutional, Judicial 428

Frederick Schauer

25. Feminist Theory and the Law 437

Judith A. Baer

26. The Racial Subject in Legal Theory 451

Sheila Foster & R. A. Lenhardt

PA RT V I I T H E A M E R I C A N J U D I C I A L C O N T E XT

27. Filling the Bench 469

David A. Yalof

28. The U.S. Supreme Court 487

Lee Epstein

29. Relations among Courts 503

Susan Haire

30. Litigation and Legal Mobilization 522

Michael McCann

31. Legal Profession 541

Richard L. Abel

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contents vii

PA RT V I I I T H E P O L I T I C A L A N D

P O L I C Y E N V I RO N M E N T O F C O U RT S

I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S

32. Judicial Independence 557

Frank Cross

33. Law and Regulation 576

Susan Rose-Ackerman

34. Law as an Instrument of Social Reform 595

Charles R. Epp

35. Criminal Justice and the Police 614

Wesley G. Skogan

36. Law and Political Ideologies 626

Julie Novkov

37. Courts and the Politics of Partisan Coalitions 644

Howard Gillman

38. Understanding Regime Change: Public Opinion, Legitimacy,

and Legal Consciousness 663

Scott Barclay & Susan S. Silbey

PA RT I X I N T E R D I S C I P L I NA RY A P P ROAC H E S

TO L AW A N D P O L I T I C S

39. Law and Society 681

Lynn Mather

40. The Analysis of Courts in the Economic Analysis of Law 698

Lewis A. Kornhauser

41. Psychology and the Law 711

Tom R. Tyler

42. Law and History 723

Christopher Tomlins

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viii contents

PA RT X O LD A N D N EW

43. The Path of the Law in Political Science: De-Centering Legality

from Olden Times to the Day before Yesterday 737

Stuart A. Scheingold

44. Reflections about Judicial Politics 752

Harold J. Spaeth

45. Law and Politics: The Problem of Boundaries 767

Martin Shapiro

Index 000

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contents ix

About the Contributors...............................................................................................................................

Richard Abel is Michael J. Connell Professor of Law at the University of California

at Los Angeles.

Karen Alter is Associate Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University.

Judith Baer is Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M University.

Scott Barclay is Associate Professor of Political Science and Public Administration

and Policy at the State University of New York at Albany.

Gary Bass is Associate Professor Politics and International Affairs at Princeton

University.

Gregory A. Caldeira is Distinguished University Professor and University Chaired

Professor of Political Science at the Ohio State University.

Rebecca Chavez is Associate Professor of Political Science at the United States

Naval Academy.

Frank Cross is Herbert D. Kelleher Centennial Professor of Business Law at the

University of Texas at Austin.

Charles Epp is Associate Professor of Public Administration at the University of

Kansas.

Lee Epstein is Beatrice Kuhn Professor of Law and Professor of Political Science at

Northwestern University.

Sheila Foster is Albert A. Walsh Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Stein

Center for Law and Ethics at Fordham University.

Elizabeth Garret is Vice President and Sydney M. Irmas Chair in Public Interest

Law, Legal Ethics, Political Science and Policy, Planning, and Development at the

University of Southern California.

Bryant Garth is Dean and Professor of Law at Southwestern Law School.

Rafael Gely is Judge Joseph P. Kinneary Professor of Law at the University of

Cinncinati.

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Robert P. George is McCormick Professor Jurisprudence and Director of the James

Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University.

Howard Gillman is Professor of Political Science and History at the University of

Southern California.

Thomas Ginsburg is Professor of Law and Political Science and Director of

the Program in Asian Law, Politics, and Society at the University of Illinois at

Urbana-Champaign.

Mark Graber is Professor of Law and Government at the University of Maryland at

College Park.

Susan Haire is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia.

Christine Harrington is Professor of Politics at New York University.

Daniel Halberstam is Professor of Law at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

Ran Hirschl is Professor of Political Science and Law and Canada Research Chair in

Constitutionalism, Democracy, and Development at the University of Toronto.

R. Daniel Kelemen is Associate Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University.

Lewis Kornhauser is Alfred B. Engelberg Professor of Law and Director of the

Institute for Law and Society at New York University.

Matthew Kramer is Professor of Law at the University of Cambridge.

Lynn Mather is Professor of Law and Political Science and Director of the Baldy

Center for Law and Social Policy at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

Ugo Mattei is Alfred and Hanna Fromm Chair in International and Comparative

Law at the University of California Hastings College of the Law.

Michael McCann is Gordon Hirabayashi Professor for the Advancement of

Citizenship at the University of Washington.

Julie Novkov is Associate Professor of Political Science and Women’s Studies at the

State University of New York at Albany.

Luca Pes is Assistant Dean at Venice International University.

Richard Pildes is Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at New York

University.

Daniel B. Rodriguez is Minerva House Drysdale Regents Chair in Law at the

University of Texas School of Law.

Susan Rose-Ackerman is Henry R. Luce Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale

University.

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about the contributors xi

Frederick Schauer is Frank Stanton Professor of the First Amendment at Harvard

University.

Stuart Scheingold is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of

Washington.

Kim Lane Scheppele is Laurence S. Rockefeller Professor of Public Affairs and the

University Center for Human Values and Director of the Program in Law and

Public Affairs at Princeton University.

Jeffrey Segal is Distinguished University Professor of Political Science at the State

University of New York at Stony Brook.

Beth Simmons is Professor of Government at Harvard University.

Martin Shapiro is James W. and Isabel Coffroth Professor of Law at the University

of California at Berkeley.

Susan Silbey is Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

Wesley Skogan is Professor of Politcal Science at Northwestern University.

Rogers Smith is Christopher H. Browne Distinguished Professor of Political

Science at the Univesity of Pennsylvania.

Harold Spaeth is Research Professor of Law and Emeritus Professor of Political

Science at Michigan State University.

Pablo Spiller is Jeffrey A. Jacobs Distinguished Professor of Business and Technol-

ogy and Proffesor of Business and Public Policy at the University of California at

Berkeley.

Christopher Tomlins is Senior Research Fellow at the American Bar Foundation.

Tom Tyler is University Professor of Psychology at New York University.

Georg Vanberg is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Keith E. Whittington is William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics at Prince-

ton University.

David Yalof is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Con-

necticut.

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xii about the contributors