the parking forest: as if mother nature designed a parking lot
DESCRIPTION
The Parking Forest is a best management practice for parking lot design, with adequate soil volume to achieve large canopies and the capacity to infiltrate for flood mitigation, without losing a single parking space. Two demonstration sites use structural tree soil, a carefully engineered and installed gravelly material deep enough and compacted enough to support traffic loads but not so compacted that tree roots will not be able to access it, as is typical for trees adjacent to pavement.TRANSCRIPT
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The Parking Forest BMP:Linear Tree Wells Using Structural Soil in Parking Lots
Sustainability for all the places between the buildings
503.334.8634www.greengirlpdx.com
[email protected] certified women business enterprise
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Agenda
• What is the purpose of a Parking Forest?• What is a Parking Forest?• Why should there be more Parking Forests?• What is it made of and how does it work?• Why do we expect this to actually grow healthy trees in
parking lots?• Where can it be installed?• How did we innovate to lower costs and improve
function?• How much did each demonstration project cost?
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More Informationwww.parkingforest.org
• Partners• Benefits• Design Criteria• Specifications• Plans & Details• Monitoring & Adaptive Management• Photo Galleries• Additional Resources• Press• Frequently Asked Questions
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What is the purpose of a Parking Forest?
www.parkingforest.org
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To increase canopy and manage stormwater …without losing parking spaces
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What is a Parking Forest?
www.parkingforest.org
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The Parking ForestAn Assembly of Common Materials
12 foot wide x 2 foot deep continuous trench
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Two Demonstration Sites
Watershed base map courtesy of Tualatin River Watershed Council
Redevelopment
Retrofit
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THPRD Sunset Swim CenterRedevelopment with Pervious Concrete
Pervious concrete
Amended native soil topped with crushed
rock (4 foot wide)
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Pervious Concrete
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THPRD Sunset Swim Center in PlanRedevelopment with Pervious Concrete
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PCC Sylvania Lot 10Retrofit with Conventional Asphalt
Conventional impervious
asphalt
Amended native soil topped with crushed
rock (4 foot wide)
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PCC Sylvania Lot 10Retrofit with Conventional Asphalt
Ignore the piles of dirt. They’re
gone.
Line of pavement removal and replacement
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PCC Sylvania Lot 10Retrofit with Conventional Asphalt
Tree trunks lined up with striping to
protect trees
4’ wide amended native soil trench
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Why should there be more Parking Forests?
www.parkingforest.org
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1. There are lots of conventional parking lots
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1. There are lots of conventional parking lots(and I’m not the only who thinks so)
Source: Clean Water Services Healthy Streams Plan
Effective Impervious Areas in the Tualatin Watershed6% Sidewalks (1,028 acres)
14% Roads (2,319 acres)
31% ParkingLots
(5,136 acres)
1% Misc(156 acres)
48% BuildingFootprints
(7,840 acres)
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2. Conventional parking lots impact water quality.
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Before development in Western Oregon…
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Before development in Western Oregon…
25% base flow
(shallow infiltration)
50%
ev
apor
ation
0.5% runoff
100%
XX”
ave
rage
annu
al ra
infa
ll
25%
gro
undw
ater
(dee
p in
filtr
ation
)
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Water Balance AFTER DevelopmentEVERYWHERE
redu
ced
evap
orati
on
98% runoff
2%
evap
orati
on
Redu
ced
infil
trati
on
100%
ave
rage
annu
al ra
infa
ll
No
infiltration
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Water Balance Runoff Compared
0.5% runoff (Oregon)Up to 10% (nationally)
98% runoff
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Additional Runoff Volumes from a Watershed Perspective
Additional runoff volumes scour stream banks, impacting water quality downstream.Additional durations of flow impact habitat further.
Please! Keep your runoff volume to
yourself!
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Why Should YOU Care About Water Quality?
$Funding for stormwater projects is made available to meet regulations (319 Grants)
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3. For Business Owners, Parking Spaces = $$$
Other vegetated stormwater facilities take up parking spaces.
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Some people try to park in them anyway
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4. Other institutions can’t afford to lose parking spaces either
At PCC, parking is so limited that people park in front of the islands.
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5. We need better behaved trees
To be low maintenance and safe, trees need lots of soil.
Photo Source: gratefulmommy.com
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Trees Need Lots of Soil to Grow
Graph Source: USDA Forest Service Center for Urban Forest ResearchSlide courtesy of Todd Prager ,Todd Prager & Associates
33326720013367Soil Area Needed Assuming a 3ft min depth (ft2)
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Trees Need Soil to GrowAfter 20 years or so…
5 ft crownIn 40 cu ft soil
20 ft crownIn 450 cu ft soil
40 ft crownIn 2000+ cu ft soil
Photos and observations courtesy of Todd Prager, Todd Prager & Associates
Callery Pear Pin Oak Pin Oak
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6. We need more trees. Trees are awesome.
Just ask anyone at this conference.
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What are Parking Forests made of and how do they work?
www.parkingforest.org
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The Parking ForestAn Assembly of Common Materials
12 foot wide x 2 foot deep continuous trench
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Structural Soil (dry)
The Parking ForestClose Up
Pavement outside of
Parking Forest
Pavement over structural soil4 ft wide, both sidesTree
Structural Soil (wet)Amended native
clayey soilUndisturbed native clayey soil
Crushed aggregate
Wheel stop
12’ wide by 2’ deep continuous trench
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Structural Soil: Our Preferred Method for Providing Adequate Soil Volume
Source: Cornell University – CU Structural Soil - http://www.hort.cornell.edu
Loading or Compaction Effort
Stone particle
Soil particle
Air or water pore
Stone contact points where load is transferred
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Why Structural Soil versus “Real” Soil and Supports?
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Supported Parking Area
. Photo courtesy of Jim Labbe
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Another Way of Providing Tree Roots with Adequate Soil Volume Under Pavement
Supported Parking Area
. Photo courtesy of Jim Labbe
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Supported Parking Area
Photo courtesy of Jim Labbe
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My Personal Reason:Structural Soils are All Natural
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How do we know Structural Soils work?Olympia, WA: Results 8 Years Later
Control Trees Planted in Compacted Native Soil
Trees Planted in Structural Soil
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Palo Alto, CA is hooked
Jan 29, 2004 presentation by Dave Dockter, Managing Arborist , Planning Division
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Palo Alto, CA is hooked
Jan 29, 2004 presentation by Dave Dockter, Managing Arborist , Planning Division
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Palo Alto, CA is hooked
Jan 29, 2004 presentation by Dave Dockter, Managing Arborist , Planning Division
Apparently many other places are hooked, too
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Constructing the Trench Assembly
Place the structural soil in an 8-inch lift on either side of the 12’ wide trench.
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Constructing the Trench Assembly
Place the amended native soil (middle). Here, the structural soil (left and right) is being wetted down in preparation for light compaction.
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Constructing the Trench Assembly
Test for adequate compaction on both sides of the structural soil every 25 feet. Remember, cars will drive on this!
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Assembly Procedure
Each lift of amended native soil is water compacted.
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Assembly Procedure
Lifts are added, compacted, tested three times to reach a full depth of 2 feet.
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Assembly Procedure
Place pavement over structural soil.
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Assembly Procedure
Place crushed rock down the middle of the amended native soil section, plant trees, park cars, and ENJOY!
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How did we innovate to lower costs and improve function?
www.parkingforest.org
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A Common Structural Soil Detail
Cornell University Horticulture Department
3 feet of structural soil
Compacted subgrade
Drains to storm system without
significant volume
reduction
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We hired a geotechnical engineer
To minimize the pavement section for our traffic load
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The Parking ForestStormwater and Cost-Saving Innovation
Undisturbed (i.e. not compacted or “prepared”) native clayey soil
2 feet of structural soil needed for structural
stability
3 feet of soil depth for tree roots is still available!
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Were the demonstration projects cost-effective?
www.parkingforest.org
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Cost depends on how you look at it
Redevelopment with pervious
concrete
Retrofit in conventional
asphalt
Area [sf] 2,400 400
Construction & permit costs ~$21,000 $9,446.93
# of trees 15 3
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Cost depends on how you look at it
Redevelopment with pervious
concrete
Retrofit in conventional
asphalt
Area [sf] 2,400 400
Construction & permit costs ~$21,000 $9,446.93
# of trees 15 3
Cost per tree $1,400 $3,148.98
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Cost depends on how you look at it
Redevelopment with pervious
concrete
Retrofit in conventional
asphalt
Area [sf] 2,400 400
Construction & permit costs ~$21,000 $9,446.93
# of trees 15 3
Cost per tree $1,400 $3,148.98
Cost per square foot $105 $23.62
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Cost depends on how you look at it
Redevelopment with pervious
concrete
Retrofit in conventional
asphalt
Area [sf] 2,400 400
Construction & permit costs ~$21,000 $9,446.93
# of trees 15 3
Cost per tree $1,400 $3,148.98
Cost per square foot $105 $23.62
Cost per square foot of area managed for stormwater $105 $1.55
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Conclusion: Stormwater Management Retrofit was Cost Effective
6133 sf
1919 sf
754 sf
615 sf
2815 sf
6103 sf
Parking Lot
Sidewalk
<50% Grass HSG C
Woods, Good HSG C
L Street
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To lower costs next time, we could mix our own structural soil
Photo Source: www.greelysand.com/cu-soil.html
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Olympia, WA Soil Recipe
4 cubic yards Crushed Rock ¾”-1¼” + 1 cubic yard Loam/organic topsoil + 1 pound Soil Binder “Stabilizer” + 46 gallons water__________Makes 4.6 cubic yards Structural Soil
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Structural Soil Costs - Olympia
“The price to supply, deliver and install the structural soil material per cubic
yard ranged from $19 to $85 with an average bid of $42, the median price
was $39.50.
The city paid $24 per cubic yard for the structural soil material to the low
bidder.
This compare to a price quote we received for the supply of CU structural
soil at $65 per cubic yard plus delivery. The source was over an hour’s drive
away and delivery charges were $85 per hr with a truck and trailer hauling 22
cubic yard. The expected cost delivered was $72 per cubic yard.”
Excerpted from “Structural Soil Demonstration Project”
http://olympiawa.gov/~/media/Files/CPD/Urban%20Forestry/Forms/StructuralSoil.ash
x
Source: City of Olympia -Structural Soil Demonstration Project
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What if downtown Charlotte…
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…could look more like the Dilworth neighborhood?
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Thank You! Partners Who Donated In-Kind
Services/Products
Alder Geotechnical Services
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Thanks!
Sustainability for all the places between the buildings
503.334.8634www.greengirlpdx.com
[email protected] certified women business enterprise