The Path to The Path to The Civil WarThe Civil War

The Missouri The Missouri CompromiseCompromise

18201820 Pushed through Pushed through

Congress by Henry ClayCongress by Henry Clay Admitted Missouri as a Admitted Missouri as a

slave state, but slave state, but balanced by admitting balanced by admitting Maine as a free stateMaine as a free state

Also banned slavery in Also banned slavery in future states north of future states north of Missouri’s southern Missouri’s southern border, but allowed border, but allowed slavery south of that slavery south of that lineline

John TylerJohn Tyler 1790 – 18621790 – 1862 1010thth President (1841-45) President (1841-45) Became president after Became president after

William Henry Harrison died in William Henry Harrison died in officeoffice

Virginian, slave-ownerVirginian, slave-owner 11stst president have president have

impeachment proceedings impeachment proceedings against himagainst him

Approved annexation of Texas Approved annexation of Texas as he was leaving officeas he was leaving office

Changed political parties Changed political parties multiple times – a multiple times – a Democratic-Republican, then Democratic-Republican, then a National Republican, then a a National Republican, then a Democrat, then a Whig, then Democrat, then a Whig, then back to being a Democratback to being a Democrat

Elected to office in the CSAElected to office in the CSA

James K. PolkJames K. Polk 1795 – 18491795 – 1849 1111thth President (1845-49) President (1845-49) Democrat, Southerner, Democrat, Southerner,

slave-ownerslave-owner Nicknamed both “Young Nicknamed both “Young

Hickory” and “Napoleon of Hickory” and “Napoleon of the Stump”the Stump”

Expanded US through Expanded US through formal addition of Texas, formal addition of Texas, the Mexican War, and the Mexican War, and negotiations with Britain negotiations with Britain for control of the Oregon for control of the Oregon TerritoryTerritory

Established a national Established a national treasury, lowered tariffstreasury, lowered tariffs

Opened the USNA and Opened the USNA and SmithsonianSmithsonian

Texas & The Mexican Texas & The Mexican WarWar

1846 – 18481846 – 1848 US annexed Texas in US annexed Texas in

1845, as a slave 1845, as a slave statestate

After defeating After defeating Mexico, US added Mexico, US added California and desert California and desert Southwest – but Southwest – but would they be free would they be free or slave territories?or slave territories?

The Wilmot Proviso & The Wilmot Proviso & Calhoun ResolutionsCalhoun Resolutions

Wilmot Proviso proposed Wilmot Proviso proposed in 1846 by Rep. David in 1846 by Rep. David Wilmot of PA – proposed a Wilmot of PA – proposed a complete ban on slavery complete ban on slavery in any new territories US in any new territories US might acquire from might acquire from MexicoMexico

Sen. John C. Calhoun of Sen. John C. Calhoun of SC countered that the SC countered that the states own US territories states own US territories in common and Congress in common and Congress holds no authority to ban holds no authority to ban slavery in the territoriesslavery in the territories

US Senate refused to vote US Senate refused to vote on Wilmot Provisoon Wilmot Proviso

Hardening Attitudes About Hardening Attitudes About SlaverySlavery

Calhoun began to Calhoun began to argue that slavery argue that slavery was not a was not a “necessary evil” but “necessary evil” but rather an “positive rather an “positive good” because good” because white slave owners white slave owners provided care for provided care for their slaves and their slaves and introduced them to introduced them to Christianity, thereby Christianity, thereby saving their soulssaving their souls

Popular Popular SovereigntySovereignty

Proposed by Sen. Lewis Proposed by Sen. Lewis Cass of MichiganCass of Michigan

Citizens of each new Citizens of each new territory should be territory should be allowed to decide for allowed to decide for themselves on whether themselves on whether to allow slavery thereto allow slavery there

Idea became popular Idea became popular because it prevented because it prevented Congress from having Congress from having to make a decisionto make a decision

Split in the Whig PartySplit in the Whig Party Slavery divided Slavery divided

northern Whigs into northern Whigs into the “Conscience the “Conscience Whigs” who Whigs” who opposed slavery opposed slavery and the “Cotton and the “Cotton Whigs” who Whigs” who supported slavery supported slavery because Southern because Southern cotton fed their cotton fed their northern textile northern textile factoriesfactories

Rise of the Free Soil Rise of the Free Soil PartyParty

After pro-slavery After pro-slavery Zachary Taylor became Zachary Taylor became the Whig nominee for the Whig nominee for president in 1848, president in 1848, Conscience Whigs quit Conscience Whigs quit the Whig Party and the Whig Party and joined themselves with joined themselves with northern anti-slavery northern anti-slavery DemocratsDemocrats

This new party was This new party was called the Free Soil called the Free Soil Party (they opposed Party (they opposed expanding slavery to the expanding slavery to the “free soil” of the West).“free soil” of the West).

Election of 1848Election of 1848 Democratic candidate Democratic candidate

Lewis Cass promoted Lewis Cass promoted popular sovereignty and popular sovereignty and promised to veto the promised to veto the Wilmot Proviso if passedWilmot Proviso if passed

Free Soil candidate Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren supported a complete supported a complete ban on slavery in the ban on slavery in the WestWest

Whig candidate Zachary Whig candidate Zachary Taylor was a moderateTaylor was a moderate

Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor 1784 – 18501784 – 1850 1212thth President (1849–50) President (1849–50) ““Old Rough and Ready”Old Rough and Ready” Slave owner, but Slave owner, but

believed slavery wouldn’t believed slavery wouldn’t work in the West work in the West because of the climatebecause of the climate

Hero of the Mexican War, Hero of the Mexican War, never held an elected never held an elected office before presidentoffice before president

Died in officeDied in office

Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore 1800 – 18741800 – 1874 1313thth President (1850-53) President (1850-53) Whig (later a Know-Nothing)Whig (later a Know-Nothing) Anti-slavery, but believed Anti-slavery, but believed

that it was necessary to that it was necessary to allow it to keep South happy allow it to keep South happy and the Union wholeand the Union whole

Endorsed the Compromise Endorsed the Compromise of 1850 and signed it into of 1850 and signed it into lawlaw

Sent Perry to open trade Sent Perry to open trade with Japanwith Japan

Refused to support Southern Refused to support Southern efforts to annex Cubaefforts to annex Cuba

Not nominated by Whigs in Not nominated by Whigs in 18521852

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 5 separate bills pushed 5 separate bills pushed

through Congress by Clay through Congress by Clay and Webster over the and Webster over the opposition of Calhoun:opposition of Calhoun:

1) California admitted as a 1) California admitted as a free statefree state

2) Slave trade (but not slave 2) Slave trade (but not slave ownership) was banned in ownership) was banned in Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

3) New Mexico Territory and 3) New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory were created Utah Territory were created and would decide slavery and would decide slavery issue under popular issue under popular sovereigntysovereignty

4) Texas was paid $10 million 4) Texas was paid $10 million in return for giving up its in return for giving up its claims to lands in the New claims to lands in the New Mexico TerritoryMexico Territory

5) The Fugitive Slave Act5) The Fugitive Slave Act

Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act Law enforcement anywhere Law enforcement anywhere

in the US were obligated to in the US were obligated to arrest runaway slaves and arrest runaway slaves and return them to their ownersreturn them to their owners

Anyone harboring a fugitive Anyone harboring a fugitive slave or refusing to help slave or refusing to help apprehend one was subject apprehend one was subject to fine and prisonto fine and prison

Slaves were identified solely Slaves were identified solely by the word of their owner by the word of their owner or their representative and or their representative and received no trialreceived no trial

As a result, any free black As a result, any free black was in danger – all it took was in danger – all it took was a claim that they were a was a claim that they were a runaway and they were runaway and they were arrested and turned over!arrested and turned over!

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin Novel by Harriet Beecher Novel by Harriet Beecher

StoweStowe Published in 1852, Published in 1852,

written in direct written in direct response to the Fugitive response to the Fugitive Slave ActSlave Act

Sold 300,000 copies in Sold 300,000 copies in first yearfirst year

Brought the suffering of Brought the suffering of slaves to life for many slaves to life for many readers and helped swell readers and helped swell the abolitionist ranksthe abolitionist ranks

Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad Organized network Organized network

of individuals who of individuals who helped hide and helped hide and move runaway move runaway slaves northslaves north

Moved thousands Moved thousands of slaves to of slaves to freedom in Canadafreedom in Canada

These people risked These people risked imprisonment to imprisonment to help slaves escape help slaves escape

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman 1820 – 19131820 – 1913 Escaped slave who Escaped slave who

risked herself by risked herself by returning to the South returning to the South over and over to guide over and over to guide runaways along the runaways along the Underground Railroad, Underground Railroad, despite being an despite being an epilepticepileptic

Later worked as a spy Later worked as a spy for the Union Army for the Union Army during the Civil War during the Civil War and as a women’s and as a women’s rights activistrights activist

A Changing of the Guard: A Changing of the Guard: Calhoun, Clay, & Webster Calhoun, Clay, & Webster

DieDie

1850 Summer 1852 Fall 1850 Summer 1852 Fall 1852 1852

Franklin PierceFranklin Pierce 1804 – 18691804 – 1869 1414thth President (1853- President (1853-

1857)1857) DemocratDemocrat Supported acquisition of Supported acquisition of

Cuba from Spain, but his Cuba from Spain, but his ministers sent to broker a ministers sent to broker a deal created a scandal deal created a scandal when they threatened when they threatened Spain with force if they Spain with force if they refused to sell Cuba (the refused to sell Cuba (the Ostend Manifesto)Ostend Manifesto)

Was not nominated for a Was not nominated for a second term by his party second term by his party in 1856in 1856

Kansas-Nebraska Kansas-Nebraska ActAct

18541854 Created two new Created two new

territories out of the territories out of the Great Plains – Kansas Great Plains – Kansas and Nebraskaand Nebraska

Repealed the Missouri Repealed the Missouri Compromise and Compromise and allowed the 2 new allowed the 2 new territories to exercise territories to exercise popular sovereignty popular sovereignty on the issue of slaveryon the issue of slavery

Stephen A. DouglasStephen A. Douglas 1813 – 18611813 – 1861 Senator from Illinois Senator from Illinois

nicknamed the “Little nicknamed the “Little Giant”Giant”

Helped draft the Helped draft the Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 and was the author of and was the author of the Kansas-Nebraska the Kansas-Nebraska ActAct

Strong believer that Strong believer that true democracy true democracy obeyed the will of the obeyed the will of the people – so he people – so he supported the idea of supported the idea of popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty

““Bleeding Bleeding Kansas”Kansas”

Settlers moving into Settlers moving into Kansas from Missouri Kansas from Missouri brought their slavesbrought their slaves

New England Emigrant New England Emigrant Aid Company began Aid Company began organizing and organizing and equipping northern equipping northern settlers to move to settlers to move to Kansas and oppose Kansas and oppose slaveryslavery

Both sides were armed Both sides were armed and willing to fight and and willing to fight and periods of violence periods of violence followedfollowed

Andrew P. ButlerAndrew P. Butler 1796 – 18571796 – 1857 Senator from SCSenator from SC Co-author of the Co-author of the

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act Strong, outspoken Strong, outspoken

supporter of slaverysupporter of slavery Verbally trashed in the Verbally trashed in the

Senate in 1856 by Senate in 1856 by Senator Charles Senator Charles Sumner of Sumner of Massachusetts for his Massachusetts for his support of slaverysupport of slavery

Charles SumnerCharles Sumner 1811 – 18741811 – 1874 Senator from MASenator from MA Opposed the Fugitive Opposed the Fugitive

Slave and Kansas-Slave and Kansas-Nebraska ActsNebraska Acts

Delivered his 3-hour Delivered his 3-hour “Crime Against Kansas” “Crime Against Kansas” speech in May 1856, speech in May 1856, which made personal which made personal attacks against Sen. attacks against Sen. Butler including making Butler including making fun of his speech fun of his speech problems (Butler’s problems (Butler’s speech had been speech had been impaired from a stroke)impaired from a stroke)

Preston BrooksPreston Brooks 1819 – 18571819 – 1857 Rep. from SCRep. from SC Nephew of Andrew Nephew of Andrew

ButlerButler Decided to act to defend Decided to act to defend

the honor of his disabled the honor of his disabled uncle and that of SCuncle and that of SC

First considered First considered challenging Sumner to a challenging Sumner to a duel but decided that duel but decided that was too much of an was too much of an honor for Sumnerhonor for Sumner

Sumner-Brooks IncidentSumner-Brooks Incident May 22, 1856May 22, 1856 Brooks attacked Brooks attacked

Sumner with a cane on Sumner with a cane on the floor of the Senate, the floor of the Senate, savagely beating him savagely beating him until the cane brokeuntil the cane broke

Sumner took 3 years to Sumner took 3 years to recover from his injuriesrecover from his injuries

Dozens of proud Dozens of proud Southerners sent Brooks Southerners sent Brooks new canes in supportnew canes in support

The Republican The Republican PartyParty

Founded in 1854 by a Founded in 1854 by a mixture of former mixture of former Whigs, Free Soilers, and Whigs, Free Soilers, and anti-slavery Democratsanti-slavery Democrats

Direct response to the Direct response to the Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

Number one goal Number one goal became to contain the became to contain the spread of slavery to the spread of slavery to the South and not allow it South and not allow it to spread to new states to spread to new states or territoriesor territories

Know-NothingsKnow-Nothings The American Party The American Party

(informally called the (informally called the “Know-Nothings”)“Know-Nothings”)

Nativist party that Nativist party that opposed immigration opposed immigration and was fiercely anti-and was fiercely anti-CatholicCatholic

Initially successful, Initially successful, but short-lived since but short-lived since its members were its members were divided over slaverydivided over slavery

Election of 1856Election of 1856 Republicans Republicans

nominated explorer nominated explorer John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont

Democrats Democrats nominated career nominated career politician and politician and moderate James moderate James BuchananBuchanan

Know-Nothings Know-Nothings nominated former nominated former president Millard president Millard FillmoreFillmore

James BuchananJames Buchanan 1791 – 18681791 – 1868 1515thth President (1857-61) President (1857-61) Only unmarried Only unmarried

PresidentPresident Believed that South Believed that South

could only be kept in could only be kept in the Union through the Union through concessions and concessions and compromise, but this compromise, but this infuriated Northern infuriated Northern supporterssupporters

Failed to successfully Failed to successfully deal with increasingly deal with increasingly violent sectionalismviolent sectionalism

Dred ScottDred Scott 1799 – 18581799 – 1858 Slave who sued for Slave who sued for

freedom on the grounds freedom on the grounds that his master had that his master had carried him into states carried him into states and territories where and territories where slavery was illegalslavery was illegal

Given freedom by his Given freedom by his owner in 1857 after owner in 1857 after Dred Scott lost his case Dred Scott lost his case in the Supreme Courtin the Supreme Court

Dred Scott Dred Scott DecisionDecision

18571857 DredDred Scott v. SandfordScott v. Sandford Southerner-dominated Southerner-dominated

Supreme Court under Chief Supreme Court under Chief Justice Justice Roger TaneyRoger Taney ruled ruled that since persons of African that since persons of African ancestry were not citizens of ancestry were not citizens of the US but were instead the US but were instead private property, they were private property, they were not protected by US laws and not protected by US laws and could not sue in US courtscould not sue in US courts

Court also overturned the Court also overturned the Missouri Compromise as Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional – ruled that unconstitutional – ruled that Congress could not pass laws Congress could not pass laws that denied citizens their that denied citizens their right to private property right to private property (slaves) without “due (slaves) without “due process” (5process” (5thth Amendment) Amendment)

Kansas & the Lecompton Kansas & the Lecompton ConstitutionConstitution

Buchanan encouraged Buchanan encouraged Kansas to apply for Kansas to apply for statehood to decide the statehood to decide the slavery issue there and end slavery issue there and end the violencethe violence

Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention was called in the territory’s was called in the territory’s capital of Lecompton, but capital of Lecompton, but was boycotted by abolition was boycotted by abolition supporters as “rigged”supporters as “rigged”

Result was a state Result was a state constitution that allowed constitution that allowed slavery in Kansasslavery in Kansas

Congress refused to admit Congress refused to admit Kansas under the Lecompton Kansas under the Lecompton constitution in 1858 – Kansas constitution in 1858 – Kansas not a state until 1861not a state until 1861

Lincoln-Douglas Lincoln-Douglas DebatesDebates

18581858 Republicans ran Abraham Republicans ran Abraham

Lincoln against Democrat Lincoln against Democrat Stephen Douglas for Senate in Stephen Douglas for Senate in IllinoisIllinois

The 2 men participated in a The 2 men participated in a series of public debates series of public debates centered on slaverycentered on slavery

Lincoln opposed the spread of Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery, Douglas promoted slavery, Douglas promoted popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty

Douglas argued the Freeport Douglas argued the Freeport Doctrine – that the Dred Scott Doctrine – that the Dred Scott decision was correct, but that decision was correct, but that states wanting to keep slavery states wanting to keep slavery out had only to refuse to pass out had only to refuse to pass laws needed to enforce slaverylaws needed to enforce slavery

Douglas won re-election, but Douglas won re-election, but Lincoln won national attention Lincoln won national attention for himself & the Republicansfor himself & the Republicans

John BrownJohn Brown 1800 – 18591800 – 1859 Businessman who Businessman who

experienced bankruptcy, the experienced bankruptcy, the death of his wife and a death of his wife and a number of his children number of his children before becoming an ardent before becoming an ardent abolitionistabolitionist

Moved to Kansas in 1856 Moved to Kansas in 1856 and participated in the and participated in the murder of 5 pro-slavery murder of 5 pro-slavery settlers (The Pottawatomie settlers (The Pottawatomie Massacre) and the more Massacre) and the more organized fighting between organized fighting between abolitionist and pro-slavery abolitionist and pro-slavery forcesforces

When fighting died down in When fighting died down in Kansas, Brown returned eastKansas, Brown returned east

John Brown’s Raid on John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry

Oct. 16-18, 1859Oct. 16-18, 1859 Brown mounted an attack Brown mounted an attack

on the federal armory at on the federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an Harper’s Ferry, VA in an effort to seize weapons effort to seize weapons with which to arm slaves with which to arm slaves and start a rebellionand start a rebellion

Brown took the armory, Brown took the armory, but slaves did not rebel but slaves did not rebel and no support cameand no support came

Brown’s forces were Brown’s forces were defeated by US Marines defeated by US Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee led by Col. Robert E. Lee and Brown was captured, and Brown was captured, tried and hung for treasontried and hung for treason

South turns against South turns against RepublicansRepublicans

After John Brown’s After John Brown’s Raid, Southerners Raid, Southerners became convinced that became convinced that abolitionists were abolitionists were determined to destroy determined to destroy the Southern way of lifethe Southern way of life

Republican Party was Republican Party was closely tied to the closely tied to the abolitionist causeabolitionist cause

Southern leaders Southern leaders vowed that they would vowed that they would rather dissolve the rather dissolve the Union than tolerate a Union than tolerate a Republican-led Republican-led governmentgovernment

Election of 1860Election of 1860 Democratic Party SplitDemocratic Party Split Northern Democrats who Northern Democrats who

favored popular sovereignty favored popular sovereignty nominated Stephen Douglasnominated Stephen Douglas

Southern Democrats who Southern Democrats who demanded federal demanded federal protection of slavery protection of slavery nominated John nominated John BreckinridgeBreckinridge

Republicans nominated Republicans nominated Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

Former Whigs created the Former Whigs created the Constitutional Party which Constitutional Party which argued that the Union could argued that the Union could still be preserved through still be preserved through upholding the Constitutionupholding the Constitution

South Carolina South Carolina SecedesSecedes

Dec. 20, 1860Dec. 20, 1860 President Buchanan President Buchanan

(Lincoln had been elected (Lincoln had been elected but not inaugurated) but not inaugurated) declared secession to be declared secession to be illegal but refused to use illegal but refused to use military force to stop itmilitary force to stop it

US forces in SC retreated US forces in SC retreated to Ft. Sumter in to Ft. Sumter in Charleston HarborCharleston Harbor

SC was followed by SC was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and TexasLouisiana, and Texas

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln 1809 – 18651809 – 1865 1616thth President (1861- President (1861-

65)65) RepublicanRepublican His election would His election would

prompt the South to prompt the South to secede; Lincoln would secede; Lincoln would have to decide whether have to decide whether to let them leave the to let them leave the US or to fight to force US or to fight to force them to stay – chose to them to stay – chose to fightfight

The fight would be The The fight would be The Civil WarCivil War

Assassinated in 1865Assassinated in 1865

Crittenden’s CompromiseCrittenden’s Compromise

Sen. John Crittenden Sen. John Crittenden of Kentucky of Kentucky proposed amending proposed amending the US Constitution the US Constitution to forever guarantee to forever guarantee slavery where it slavery where it already existed, and already existed, and reinstating the reinstating the Missouri Missouri Compromise lineCompromise line

Republicans refusedRepublicans refused

Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis Feb. 1861: Secessionist Feb. 1861: Secessionist

states declared states declared themselves to be an themselves to be an independent nation, independent nation, the Confederate States the Confederate States of Americaof America

Wrote a new Wrote a new constitution and constitution and elected former elected former Mississippi senator Mississippi senator Jefferson Davis as Jefferson Davis as PresidentPresident

Ft. SumterFt. Sumter April 1861: Lincoln April 1861: Lincoln

announces that he announces that he intends to reinforce Ft. intends to reinforce Ft. SumterSumter

South demanded that South demanded that Ft. Sumter surrender; Ft. Sumter surrender; when the fort refused, when the fort refused, it was bombarded with it was bombarded with cannon-fire for 33 cannon-fire for 33 hours (official start of hours (official start of Civil War)Civil War)

April 13, 1861: Ft. April 13, 1861: Ft. Sumter surrendered to Sumter surrendered to South South

Upper South SecedesUpper South Secedes Lincoln began to Lincoln began to

build an army to build an army to fight the Southfight the South

This prompted This prompted states of the “Upper states of the “Upper South” to secede in South” to secede in support of the support of the ConfederacyConfederacy

Virginia, Arkansas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, & North Carolina, & Tennessee leave Tennessee leave the Unionthe Union

The Border States Must The Border States Must DecideDecide

Lincoln needed the Lincoln needed the remaining 4 slave states remaining 4 slave states (Delaware, Maryland, (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri) Kentucky, and Missouri) to stay in the Unionto stay in the Union

Delaware committed to Delaware committed to the Norththe North

Lincoln imposed martial Lincoln imposed martial law in Marylandlaw in Maryland

Kentucky sided with Kentucky sided with North after Confederate North after Confederate forces invaded the stateforces invaded the state

Missouri voted to stay Missouri voted to stay with Northwith North

The Confederate States of The Confederate States of AmericaAmerica

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North vs. SouthNorth vs. South