The Pax Romana

Roman LawRoman InstitutionsRoman ToleranceRoman AttitudesRoman Military

Roman Peace and Prosperity

Rome & the Roman Empire

at its Peak

• Population: 100,000,000+• 31 different ethnic groups• 10,000 cities and towns• 180,000 miles of paved

roads• Rome itself had:

– 11 Public Baths– 22 Aqueducts – Coliseum & Circus Maximus

I. The Founding of Rome 900 - 509BC

II. The Roman Republic and the Conflict of the Orders

III. Wars 509 BC. - 287 BC including the Mountain People, the Senones, the Samnites, and the Greeks of southern Italy - The Unification of Italy

IV. Expansion outside of Italy - The Punic Wars 264-241BC and 215-201BC

V. Dominion in the Mediterranean - Illyria, Macedonia, Greece, Asia(Turkey), Carthage, and Spain

VI. The Gracchi Brothers, Marius, and Sulla (Liberals vs Conservatives)

VII. Julius Caesar and the first triumvirate - The fall of the Republic

Three Key Roman Eras:

• Settlement & Founding 1000 BC – 600 BC

• The Monarchial Period– 600 to 509 BC

• The Republic– 509 to 44 BC and J. Caesar’s Death

• The Empire– 44 to 476 AD

Rome: Founding to 509 BC.

Early SettlementAnd

The Monarchial Period

Nordic Waves of Settlement

• Palafittes 2000 BC– Lake/Platform Homes– Cremation, Stone Tools

• Terramare 1500 BC– Bronze

• Villanovan 1000 BC– Iron Age SettlementsOppidum – main settlementsVicus/Vici – Chief & AssemblyPagus/Pagi – small district

There’s NoPlace Like Rome

Etruscan Invaders

• Highly Civilized• Urban• Traders• Manufactures• Partiers• Gladiatorial

Contests• Empire Builders• Women’s Rights

Activists

Latium is Settled

• 50 Cities

• Villanovan

Development

• Cooperative

• Warlike

• Rome

• Latin League Created

Romulus Founds Rome

• Mars & Rhea Silvia

• Numitor & Amulius

• Brothers– Romulus– Remus

• Palatine Hill• Romulus• April 21, 753 BC

600 – 509BC

The King

• Chief Priest– Augurs & Pontifex– Auspicium (omen)

• Chief Legislator– Curiate & Senate

• Chief Executive Imperium– Quaestor

• Picked by the Etruscans

Religion Before the Greek Influence

Conducted by the King – 3 Times Daily

Worship was at the Sacred Hearth – Sustained by the Vestal Virgins

Worship focused on the NUMIAformlesssexlessmultifunctional beings

Institutions in the Monarchial Period

• Extended Family– Pater Familias

• Clan Group• 30 Curias• 3 Tribes• 2 Social Classes

– Patricians– Plebeians

Revolution 509 BC

Romans v Etruscans

The Republic Created

Troubles on the Borders

• Civil War in Latium

• Mountain People:– Hernici– Aequi– Volsci– Sabines

• Etruscans

Civil War in Latium

• 50 Cities fight each other for dominance• Questions of Survival• Saved by a Treaty and Compromise!

War & Peace

• Aequi and Volsci–38 years

• Etruscans–At Fidenae–509 BC to 425 BC

• Neutrality, Peace, and Protection given by Individual Treaty Negotiation!–Hernici–Sabines

Italy After 509 BC

Etruscans

Cedarburgium

Freedonium

• Graftonia

Destruction of the Etruscans

• Fidenae Falls!

• Eturia is open to

conquest!!

• Rome takes Veii!!!

• Rome meets the

Senones – Gauls

from the North!!!!!

Reforming-Rebuilding-Creating

• Government

• Military

• Social

• Architecture

• After:

– 509 BC

– 387 BC

Government in the Republic

Legislative Branch

Executive Branch

Social Classes

The Course of Honors:

Queastor

Aedile

Praetor

Consul

Tribune of Plebeians

Military service and Lieutenants Rank

All offices are one year terms with 10 years required between offices!

DictatorMaius Imperium

Plebeian Path

Patrician Path

Pent cameral Legislatures

• Curia Assembly

• Centuriate Assembly

• Comitia de Tributa

• Council of Plebeians

• Senate

Code of the 12 Tables

• Written Consistent

Law is DEMANDED!

• The Hortensian Law

• Plebeian Protest!

Plebeian Power

• Reforms in Social Class

• Reforms in Government

• Reforms in land ownership

• Reforms in Credit

Plebs v. PatsTeachers v. School Board

Military Reforms

• A New Wall

– 387 BC to 410 AD

• The Legion Created

– Chain of Command

– Consul to Centurion

Fighting for Respect

• HAVES Rebel!• Latin League

Loyalty????• Yes!• Camillus Leads

– 387 to 358 BC

• Rome Wins• Individual Treaties

Written• Roman Control of the

area around Latium

Troubles in Campania

Campania

• Area directly south of Latium

• Peoples of Campania• Lucanians to the far

south and Oscans to the north on the border of southern Latium

• Samnite?????• Samnites don’t live in

Campania! Samnites v Oscan

The Samnite Wars & The Unification of Central

Italy:

• First Samnite War 343-341 BC

• Great Latin War 341-338 BC

• Second Samnite War 327-304 BC

• Third Samnite War 298-290 BC– Gellius Egnatius & Sentinum 296 BC– Via Appia Built– Individual Treaty Negotiations

Space Shuttle

Determined by the Whom?

Roadways, Railway?

The Romans of Course!

The first all weatherroad. Roman Legionseventually built 180,000 miles of pavedall weather roads.

http://www.history.com/media.do?id=rome_appian_way_broadband&action=clip

http://www.italyguides.it/movie/roma/appia/via_appia.mov

The Samnite Wars & The Unification of Central

Italy:

• First Samnite War 343-341 BC

• Great Latin War 341-338 BC

• Second Samnite War 327-304 BC

• Third Samnite War 298-290 BC– Gellius Egnatius & Sentinum 296 BC– Via Appia Built– Individual Treaty Negotiations

Gauls in the North

Greeks in the South

It’s all Greek to me!

• Roman ally the

Lucanians, attack

Thurii

• Thurii claims Roman

protection under

Noninterference Treaty

from 2nd Samnite War

Thurii v Tarentum

• Rome calls off its ally Lucania

• Tarentum and the S. Greeks view this as

a violation of the Noninterference Treaty

• War in the South!

Rome’s at war in the SouthGellius Egnatius was right

Gaul’s attack!

Vadimo 283 BCPo River City

It’s hard to swim with armor!

Pyrrhus of Epirus:

• Uncle of Alexander

the Great

• Brings 25,000

mercenaries and 20

tanks to Italy

• Creates a southern

coalition against

Rome

• Heraclea in 280 BC

– Pyrrhic Victory

The Unification of Italy Po to Toe!

1. Vadimo on the Po 283 BC

2. Beneventum near the toe 275 BC

Individual Treaty Negotiationand Creation of Empire

• Cassian Treaty 493 BC• Socii• Annexed• Allies• Friend• Full Citizenship• Half Citizenship• Dediticci

P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus vs Hannibal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gbPIyCuGTA&feature=related

Carthaginian Empire at its Peak!

The First Punic WarBattles and Leaders:

• Leaders:– Hiero II of Syracuse– Hamilcar Barca– Regulus– Xanthippus

• Battles:– Mylae 260 BC– Economus 256 BC– Bagradas 255– Aegates Isle 241 BC

Hamilicar Barca

The First Punic War 264 - 241 BC

Troubles in Sicily&

The Creation of an Empire!

Rome’s on a Roll

• Sardinia

• Corsica

• Southern France

• Saguntum in Spain

• War of the Mercenaries in Carthage

• Ebro Agreement with Hamilcar Barca

226 BC

The Second Punic War 218-201 BC

Hannibal Destroys the Romans!

Hannibal Attacks and Wins Battles!

They are mere shadows of men, half dead with hunger, cold, filth and ... bruised on the rocks and cliffs .... Their weapons are shattered and broken, their horses are weak and lame.

Saguntum

TerbiaTrasimene

Cannae

Hannibal’s Victories 218 – 216 BC

Hasdrabul v Scipio

Philip of Macedonia

Hannibal

M. Claudius Marcellus

The Real First World War!

Scipio’s triumph in Rome!

210 BC

Sicily

206 BC

207 BC Metaurus

Philip Negotiates 204 BC

202 BC Zama

Roman Victory!

Expansion into: Illyria, Macedonia, & Greece

The Second Punic War 218-201 BC

• final Battle of Zama in 202 BC the Romans finally defeated Hannibal

• Hannibal commits suicide 183 BC

The Third Punic War 149-146 BC

• Rome made a series of escalating demands, ending with the near-impossible demand that the city be demolished and re-built away from the coast, deeper into Africa. The Carthaginians refused this last demand and Rome declared the Third Punic War.

• Scipio Aemilianus besieged the city for three years before he breached the walls, sacked the city, and burned Carthage to the ground. The surviving Carthaginians were sold into slavery, and Carthage ceased to exist.

Expansion into Asia Minor

Expansion into Spain and North Africa

Fighting in 149 BC???

• Macedonia 149-148 BC

• Greece 149-146 BC• Carthage 149-146 BC• Spain 154-133 BC• Rome is victorious in

all!• Provinces and

Protectorates in the Mediterranean!

Unemployment & the Rise of the LatifundiaTurmoil in Rome itself:

Patricians, Equites, and Plebeians

Macedonian Wars

• First Macedonian War 214 BC – 204 BC• Second Macedonian War 200 BC – 196 BC• Third Macedonian War 171 BC – 168 BC

– Perseus 179 BC kills the “darling of Roman Society” his brother to become King!

– Pydna 168 BC

• Andriscus & 4th Macedonian War 149 BC• First Roman Province

Wars Against the Greeks

• Greeks assist Rome in 1st & 2nd Macedonian Wars, but gain nothing but peace!

• Upset the Aetolian Greeks join with the Selucids(Mesopotamia) led by Antiochus III to fight Rome

• Thermopylae 191 BC – Greeks lose

• Apamea 188 BC – Selucids lose

Wars in Spain

• Lusitanians & Celtiberians resist Rome’s take over after the Second Punic War!

• 1st Spanish War 197-179 BC– 50,000 troops

– Roman Corduba

• 2nd Spanish War 154 – 133 BC– Viriathus & the assassins

• 3rd Punic War 149 – 146 BC

Attalus III of Pergamum 133 BC

• Attalus allies with Rome during the Second Punic War 214 BC

• Attalus supported Rome in all of its Eastern Campagins!

• Attalus dies 133 BC and gives his country to Rome

• 129 BC the Province of Asia created!

Greece Taken

• Civil War in Southern Greece: Who will control the Peloponnesus?

• Achaeans v Spartans• Rome demands peaceful

settlement • Achaeans refuse: War 149 – 146

BC• Illyria, Macedonia, and Greece

all Roman protectorates under jurisdiction of Macedonian Governor!

Provincial Government

• Governor a former Consul or Praetor

• Ruled by edict• 1 year term• Financial

Administration• Maintain Peace• Aided by Legates (Jr.

Senators) & Queastors• Appeal to Rome itself

Taxes:Poll TaxLand TaxTaxes in Kind – tithe

Publicani – tax collectors

Lex Provincia

• 146 BC all laws from the provinces are codified into one set of laws

• Attempts made to deal with conquerored people on a consistent basis

• Extortion & Extraction Courts created as Appeals Courts in Rome for provincials.

Cimbri and Tuetons

• Ask for permission to settle in Northern Italy

• Ask to give horses, cattle, and soldiers to Rome

• Senate refuses to accept offer – Another failure!

• Wars begin:– 113 BC – 30,000? killed

– 109 BC – 40,000? killed

– 105 BC – 80,000 killed

Roman Emperorsthe good, the bad and the ugly

• Julius Caesar• Octavian• Augustus Caesar• Tiberius• Claudius• Nero• Vespasian• Nerva• Trajan• Hadrian• Antoninus Pius• Marcus Aurelius• Commodus

The Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus

Social Chaos or Social Reform

• Limits on Land Ownership– 300 Acre tenant farms– 60,000 slaves work plantations on Sicily

(Revolt 135 – 133 BC)

• Free Land to the Unemployed• Political Rights for Equites – The new

rich!• Citizenship to All Italians• Plebeians v Patricians• Senate Control over Roman Affairs

Jugurtha King of Numidia

• Gold is discovered in the North African Kingdom of Numidia

• Roman citizens massacred

• Senate generals bungle the punishment of Jugurtha

• Viewed as the Senate failure

The Rise of Marius• Roman General• Creates a volunteer army to fight

Jugurtha• Wins the Consulships:

– 105 to 100 BC

• Defeats Cimbri in Northern Italy and Tuetons in Southern France – 101 BC

The Fall of Marius

• Has political opponents assassinated in the election of 99 BC.

• This was too much for even for the Plebeians

• Marius retires until the Social War 91-88 BC

The Senate and Sulla• With support of the military and its

leader Sulla, Senate retakes control of the Roman Empire

• Civil War (The Social War 91 – 88 BC) leads to Italian Civil Rights– Marius People’s Choice

– Sulla Senates Choice

– A promise of Italian citizenship ends this conflict, Senate turns on Marius

• Sulla chosen to lead Roman troops Marius Banished/Escapes to North Africa

Mithridates of PontusAttacks Asia Minor!

Marius leads a revoltin Rome!

Sulla is sent!

Sulla Governs in Asia Minor 87-83 BC

• Marius takes over Rome and declares himself dictator

• Sulla returns to Rome after victories in Asia Minor

• A Reign of Terror Begins as the Senate is restored to power by Sulla

• Plebeians stripped of power

Marius kills off Sulla’s Friends,Opposition party members, andSenators!

The Senate Struggles to Keep Power

• Lepidus leads a revolt in Northern Italy!

• Pompey puts down the revolt• Sertorius leads a revolt in Spain• Pompey puts down the revolt• Spartacus leads a revolt of slaves

in 70 BC• The Senate is unable to put down

the revolt without Pompey!

Spartacus

• A slave and gladiator• Led a slave revolt in Italy that

Panics all of Italy• Senate armies are defeated by

a SLAVE!• Pompey & Crassus save

Rome• Spartacus & 5000 of his

followers crucified at quarter mile intervals from Rome to Brundisium along Via Appia

Pompey & Crassus

• Run for consulships in 70 BC despite never having served in Government!

• Both are elected and the Senate enters a period of decline!!

Pirate problems for Rome

• 69 BC Senate bungles the Pirate raids on the Italian coast

• Fear promotes appoint of Pompey as Dictator with a 3 year term!!

• In 89 days it’s over Pompey wins!!!

Mithridates of PontusAttacks Asia Minor ina series of conflict 74-66 BC!

Pompey goes east!

Pompey in the East

• By 63 BC defeats Mithridates

• Annexes Palestine• Takes over the Selucids

of Mesopotamia• Returns to Rome to a

hostile Senate: no triumph, no land for his veterans

Elections of 59 BC

• Pompey declares as a candidate for consul

• Julius Caesar governor of Spain and Marion Loyalist declares as other candidate for consul

• Senate declares consuls of 59 commissioners

Power Behind The First Triumvirate

•Pompey – The Military

•Crassus – The Money

•Caesar – The People

What Each Member Gets:

• Pompey – his triumph, land for his veterans, and governship of Spain (ruled from Rome)

• Caesar – five year governship of Gaul “the land of forest and barbarians”

• Crassus – the right to collect taxes in Asia Minor with a 10% rebate and a chance to attack the Parthians

Caesar in Gaul“the land of forests & barbarians”

• Fame• Fortune• An Army within

walking distance of Rome

• An extended Governorship

• Power

Caesar Conquest of Gaul

• Defeats Ariovistus in 58 BC to take southern Gaul

• Defeats the Belgeans 57 BC to annex central Gaul

• Caesar invades England 55 & 54 BC

• Germanic tribes unite Caesar is victorious 51 BC

Jealousy in Rome

• Meeting in Luca 56 BC– 5 more years as governor

– Caesar in Gaul, Pompey in Spain, & Crassus in Syria

• After victories over the Gauls and the death of Crassus, Pompey and Caesar clash.

• Pompey joins the Senate in a Civil War begins.

Civil War 49-45 BCCaesar Victorious

• Ordered home to stand trial – Caesar returns with his Gallic Legions

• Pompey & Senate abandon Rome and flee to Greece

• Pharsalus 48 BC – Pompey flees to Egypt

• Caesar Vacations in Egypt• Caesar returns to Rome

master of an Empire!

The Death of Caesar

• Appointed Dictator, Consul, & Censor - Caesar appears to many to be an Emperor!

• March 15, 44 BC• Killed by his friends• Killed to prevent one

man rule• Caesar’s death ends the

Republic his assassins attempt to save!

http://www.history.com/media.do?id=tdih_mar15_broadband&action=clip

Rome

Brutus & Cassius

• Caesars assassins attempt to reestablish the Republic

• Marc Antony pardons the assassins

• 19 year old Octavian the adopted son of Caesar demands revenge

The Second Triumvirate

• Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus join forces to take on Caesar’s assassins

• Assassins flee East• Triumvirate solidifies

control of the West• Philliphi 42 BC

Triumvirate defeats assassins

Antony & Octavian

• After Philliphi, Lepidus forced out

• Antony takes the East• Octavian takes the

West• Troubles for Octavian:• Luis Antony attempts

assassination• Sextus Pompey leads

revolt in Sicily

Brundisium Conference

• Antony to marry Octavia, Octavian’s sister

• Each to keep a segement of the Empire: Antony east and Octavian west!

Antony has a Parthian Problem

• Parthians attack Roman holdings in the East

• Antony is discouraged fighting

• Needing a vacation he goes to Egypt and meets???

• Cleopatra

Antony – Fool or Romantic

• Falls for Cleopatra• Divorces Octavia• Gives Egypt its

independence• Angers Rome &

Octavian who declare war

• Actium 31 BC.

The Julio Claudians

• Julius Caesar, Claudius and their relatives

• Rule Rome from 44 BC – 68 AD.• Julius to 59 BC - 44 BC• Octavian/Augustus 44 BC – 14 AD • Tiberius 14 – 37 AD• Caligula 37 – 41 AD• Claudius 41 – 54 AD• Nero 54 – 69 AD

Augustus & the Principate

• With Antony’s death Octavian becomes master of Rome

• Octavian begins the Principate

• Octavian begins the Pax Romona

• The Julio-Claudian Dynasty 45 BC – 69 AD

Augustus

• Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.

• Paid Virgil to write the Aneid

• Brought Peace – Tranquility – Security to Rome and the Empire (31 BC – 14 AD)

• Secured natural defensible borders

• Reduced army from 500,000 to 300,000

Achievement of Augustus

• Peace• Prosperity• Natural Defensible

Borders• Shrinks army from

500,000 to 300,000• Lives so long only

ruler some people will know! 44 BC – 14 AD

The 5 Good Emperors

Nervan-Antonian dynasty

• Nerva - first emperor to select his successor by

their capabilities and potential, rather than

paternal relations

• Trajan – greatest extent of empire

• Hadrian – world traveler, Hadrian’s Wall (England)

• Antoninus Pius – promoted arts, science, theatre

• Marcus Aurelius – stoic, worked for the people

• Commodus – end of the “good”

- Commodus was a political and military outsider, as well as an extreme egotist with neurotic problems. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius' death is often held to have been the end of the Pax Romana

Roman Coliseum• The Colosseum or Coliseum, originally known as the

Flavian Amphitheatre is a giant amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome. Originally capable of seating 45,000-50,000 spectators.

• The Colosseum remained in use for nearly 500 years with the last recorded games being held there as late as the 6th century — well after the traditional date of the fall of Rome in 476.

• As well as the traditional gladiatorial games, many other public spectacles were held there, such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, reenactments of famous battles, and dramas.

• Built in 72 AD – 80 AD• Vespasian and Titus

The Forum built in the reign of Trajan and Trajan’s Column!

Tiberius 14 AD – 37 ADA question of leadership

• Picked by Augustus• Augustus picks Germanicus to

follow Tiberius• Germanicus is young, cool and

hip…Tiberius is old and sad• Germanicus dies while on a

mission to Armenia for Tiberius– Many believe Tiberius set him

up

– Agrippina makes a big stink!

Tiberius 14 AD – 37 ADA question of who will lead next?

• With Germanicus dead, Tiberius’ son Drusus seems to have the inside

• Sejanus leader of the Praetorian sees a chance too!

• Sejanus seduces the wife of Drusus who poisons her husband for love!

• By 31AD Tiberius has elevated Sejanus to Consul (#2)

Tiberius 14 AD – 37 ADA question of who will lead next?

• Dumb moves in History– Sejanus dumps Drusus wife!

– Tiberius receives an anonymous letter

• A Reign of Terror is Begun!• Tiberius nominates two

successors• Gaius/Caligula gets job by

winning of the support of the Praetorian Guards.

Caligula Little Boots 37 – 41 AD

• Starts out really well, rules in the spirit of Augustus now deified

• Becomes ill and goes just a little nutty

• Nominated horse to consulship

• Spends money on foolish projects and on….extravagancies

• Praetorians & Senate move against the whole family in 41 AD.

Claudius 41 – 54 AD

• Not bad for a guy who hides behind and curtain crying

• Not bad for a guy who is slightly off mentally

• Clever enough to offer a raise to the military

• Clever enough to create a bureaucracy to run the state

Claudius 41 – 54 AD & Flaws

• Had not dated much, who’d go out with a nut?

• Out one night he met Messalina on a street corner, love at first sight!

• Marrying Messalina is a disgrace and eventually her behavior causes her to disappear

• Marries his niece, Agrippina II

• Adopts Agrippina’s son Ahenobarbarous…mistake

Nero 54 – 69 AD

• Troubles with Mom• Losing my mind• All I Love is the

theater• Rule of 63 AD• Trouble and Revolt

Year of the 4 Emperors

• Nero was nuts and had to go!

• Galba leader of the Armies of N. Italy replaces Nero

• Galba goes Nero• Otho declared Emperor• Cuts Praetorians pay and

raises taxes and puts the state in order

Vespacian

• Founder of the Flavian Dynasty

• Rulers from 69 AD – 96 AD

• Turns power over to sons Titus and Domitian

The Flavian Dynasty

• Vespacian dies the same day Mt. Vesuvius erupts

• Titus takes over• Destroys temple in

Jerusalem and invades Scotland and Wales

• Killed by his brother Domitian