The People of the Civil WarDeveloped by: Todd Goodwin

Bob Jones

Marilyn ZavorskiApplewild School

Fitchburg, MA

Fitchburg State College, Fitchburg, MA

Teaching American History: Secession, Civil War and Reconstruction

July 2005

Focus: The War Begins, 1861 – 1862

Confederate High Tide, 1862 –1863

Yankee Resurgence, 1863 – 1865

Billy Yank and Johnny Reb

Fitchburg State College, Fitchburg, MA

Teaching American History: Secession, Civil War and Reconstruction

July 2005

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Between 1861 and 1865 the people of the United States were involved, as Abraham Lincoln reminded us at Gettysburg, in “a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated can long endure.”

Who were these people?

Some, like Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America, are still very familiar to us today.

Can you name the president of the seceding states, also called the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis

http://www.civil-war.net/cw_images/files/images/151.jpg

What is the term used to describe the official advisors to the president?

Cabinet

Here is President Lincoln’s cabinet.

Here is the Confederate Cabinet.

Many remember Generals Grant and Lee. Which side did each lead?

The Union The Confederates

General Grant General Lee

Which Union general is remembered for his famous “march to the sea” through Georgia?

William Tecumseh Sherman

Which Confederate general, who Lee called his right arm, was tragically killed by his own men at Chancellorsville,VA?

Hint: His nickname was Stonewall.

Thomas J. Jackson

There sure were many generals in the Civil War.

This is Winfield Scott, the highest ranking Federal general at the beginning of the war.

Whom did he recommend to Lincoln for field commander of the Union Army?

Robert E. Lee

Here are two Confederate generals:

P. G. T. Beauregard

Joseph E. Johnston

Here are two Confederate generals:

For much of the war Lincoln sought a general who would aggressively attack the Confederate Army.

Pictured here with President Lincoln is one of his more controversial generals, who later ran for president against Lincoln.

Can you name him?

George B. McClellan

Here are three other Union generals.

Both sides in the war used soldiers riding on horseback. What is the term for this type of soldier?

Cavalry

Here is Lee’s most famous cavalry commander, J. E. B. Stuart.

Note the the high boots and saber and plumed hat of this cavalry leader.

Here is another group of southern cavalry raiders under the leadership John S. Mosby in the center with the plumed hat.

On the left is General Philip Sheridan, a Union cavalry leader and his staff. The man sitting on the chair on the right is nicknamed the “boy general.”

Can you name him?

Hint: Later he will be known for his “last stand.” George Armstrong Custer

Many of the officers on both sides of the war were graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point.

On the right is Custer as a lieutenant.

On the left is his West Point classmate, James Washington of the Confederate Army, who had just been captured.

Both sides also had navies, though the Union’s was much stronger.

The fleets of these two men helped control the Mississippi River for the Union.

Admiral David G. Farragut Admiral David Dixon Porter

In addition to the famous, people of all walks of life were involved in the Civil War. They were the farmers, teamsters, mill workers, craftsmen, women, children and slaves. Some we know by name, some remain anonymous.

Here are some Virginian militia on the eve of the war.

All over the country there were state and local militia groups.

NorthernRecruitment

Poster

To meet the increased demand, soldiers were recruited from all walks of life.

http://www.wildwestweb.net/cwphotos.html

http://www.hangmansknot.com/images/pic_riots.gif

As the war progressed, both sides resorted to drafting men to fight. This was not popular with all citizens.

http://www.civil-war.net/cw_images/files/images/007.jpg

Over 3 million people served in the armies of the Civil War.

http://www.civil-war.net/

Here is a Union regimental band in training camp.

What were bands and musicians used for in the war?

They provided signals and directions during battle and entertainment in camp.

Click on the drum to hear the Battle Cry of Freedom. Close the website and

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Here is the crew of the USS Monitor. What was a monitor?

It is was a class of ironclad ships built by the Union Navy.

Fraternization - Federal and Confederate pickets trading between the lines -- usually northern coffee for southern tobacco.

Original pencil drawing by Edwin Forbes.

Drawing: Library of Congress

However, the war wasn’t just fighting.

Here are some of Sherman’s soldiers tearing up southern railroad tracks on their “march to the sea.”

Here are Lee’s men just after learning about the southern surrender at Appomattox.

First published in 1852,Harriet Beecher Stowe'snovel greatly helped theanti-slavery movement.

Women played a valuable role in this era.

http://www.wildwestweb.net/cwphotos.html

Slave Pen, Alexandria, Va.Photographer: Andrew J. Russell.

http://www.wildwestweb.net/cwphotos2.html

Harriet Beecher Stowe worked to awaken the North to the harshness of slavery.

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t001/T001921B.jpg

from agriculture and the crafts . . .

For over 200 years black slaves toiled to build America

http://www.civil-war.net/cw_images/files/images/014.jpg

Black Laborers on a Wharf - James River, VA

to urban labor.

Escaped slaves seek refuge behind Union lines - Such blacks were often called "contrabands." Historical photo: Library of Congress

The coming of war changed the status of many blacks.

Frederick Douglass - Anti-slavery leader (1817-95).

Historical photo: Library of Congress

The great abolitionist leader, Frederick Douglass, urged the North to enlist Blacks to fight for the cause.

Company E, 4th US. Colored Infantry Fort Lincoln, District of Columbia

By the end of the war, over 200,00 blacks served in the Union Army and Navy.

“In this Civil War handbill for black recruits, African American soldiers are shown liberating slaves and bringing new hope for a good education and a productive way of life.”

http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/detail/recruitment-handbill.html

Recruitment Handbill

Women served in a variety of ways.

Clara Barton was given a nickname for helping the sick and wounded soldiers on the battlefield.

What was it?

“Angel of the Battlefield”

Annie Ethridge

"Civilian"

(aka Gentle Annie, Michigan Annie)

http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/8558/2ndMich/bios/bioannie.html

•Served with: 2nd, 3rd and 5th Michigan Infantry, also closely connected with the 40th New York (Mozart Regiment) Volunteer Infantry

•Present at: First Bull Run, Williamsburg, Second Bull Run, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Petersburg, Cold Harbor, Blackburn's Ford, Appomattox and New York to help limit draft riots; also worked on several transport ships: Knickerbocker, Louisiana, Daniel Webster, Wenona

Daughter of the Regiment/Nurse

http://www.vivandiere.net/unionvivs.html

Dr. Mary Edwards Walker

November 26, 1832 - February 21, 1919

Surgeon, Spy, Suffragette, Prisoner of War, Proponent of Style and Congressional Medal of Honor Winner

http://www.undelete.org/military/mil3walker.html

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_325.html

These two women were spies for the Confederacy.

Pauline Cushman was a spy for the USA.

Rose Greenhow warned the Confederacy of the Union advance, which led to the first Battle of Bull Run.

She is pictured here with her daughter while in Union custody.

Malinda Blalock, alias Sam Blalock

http://www.cojoweb.com/malinda_blaylock.html

“This is a photograph of ‘Sam’ Blalock of Co. F (The Hibriten Guards) of the 26th NC Troops. She is holding a photograph of her husband, William McKesson (Keith) Blalock, who also served in Co. F. ‘Sam’ was born in 1842 and, at age 20, she and her husband would embark on a remarkable adventure.”

Some women even fought in combat.

Frances Clayton

Photos from Boston Public Library

She served many months in Missouri artillery and cavalry units disguised as a man.

Sarah Emma Edmondsof Michigan

(originally from Canada)

alias Frank Thompson,

Civil War soldier and spy

http://docsouth.unc.edu/velazquez/velazquez.html

Loreta Janeta Velazquez, b. 1842Alias, Harry T. Buford, C.S.A.

Children also served in the war.

Mathew Brady Alexander Gardner

Alfred Waud

Photographers and illustrators helped us remember the people of the Civil War.

http://www.treasurenet.com/images/civilwar/CIVIL067.JPG

Brady's photographic outfit in the field near Petersburg, Va., 1864.

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/gtburg.htm

They photographed and drew both the living and the dead

Reconnaissance by Buford’s Calvary towards the Rapidan River [published in Harper's Weekly,October 3, 1863]

by Alfred Waud

The Dead at Antietam by Alexander Gardner

http://www.ipeters.de/photography.html#gardner

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm041.html

Confederate and Union soldiers shaking hands - Old soldiers are reunited in peaceful times at the 50th anniversary

of the Battle of Gettysburg, 1913. Historical photo: Library of Congress

Those who actually lived during this period are no longer with us.

President Lincoln helped us remember these people with his words in the Gettysburg Address.

Gettysburg, PA - Audience during Lincoln's Address, November 19, 1863. This is the only known photo taken of the event.

Historical photo: Library of Congress

Gettysburg Address in

President Lincoln's handwriting.

http://www.wildwestweb.net/cwphotos.html

“… we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.”

Click on Abe to hear Johnny Cash read the Gettysburg Address.

Close the website and press the right arrow key to continue.

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Image credits Miller, Francis Trevelyan, ed., Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 volumes,

Springfield, MA: Patriot Publishing, 1911. (brown-tint images) Civil War ClipArt CD by Finley-Holiday Film Corp., Whittier, CA Civil War Picture CD by Finley-Holiday Film Corp., Whittier, CA

http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brady-photos/

http://www.civil-war.net/ excellent http://civilwarclipart.com/Clipartgallery/clipart1.htm http://classroomclipart.com/ http://216.247.171.108/Clipartgallery/illus.html http://www.mdhs.org/library/Z24CivilWar.html excellent http://www.wildwestweb.net/cwphotos.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwphome.html http://www.tennessee-scv.org/Camp1513/clipart.htm http://www.wisegorilla.com/images/civilwar/civilwar.html             

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