the periodic table - english montreal school board resources/scitech... · mendeleev intended the...
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THE PERIODIC TABLE
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The periodic table of the chemical elements
is a tabular method of displaying the
chemical elements.
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Although earlier precursors exist, its
invention is generally credited to Russian
chemist Dimitri Mendeleev in 1869.
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Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate
recurring ("periodic") trends in the
properties of the elements.
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The layout of the table has been refined
and extended over time, as new elements
have been discovered, and new theoretical
models have been developed to explain
chemical behavior.
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The current standard table contains 117
confirmed elements as of October 16, 2006
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While element 118 has been synthesized,
element 117 has not.
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In the periodic table, the elements are laid
out in rows and columns.
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Each row of the table is called a period.
Periods are marked with numbers from 1 to 7,
on the left side of the periodic table.
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Now look at the columns;
Each column of the table represents a
group(family).
The groups are numbered in two ways: from
1-18 and with roman numerals: I, II, III, IV,
V, VI VII and VIII.
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Let us consider some elements found on the
same period: Lithium, Beryllium and Boron.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIODS
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According to the Rutherford-Bohr atomic
model, the three elements are represented like
this:
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Elements situated on the same period have the
same number of electron shells.
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
The electrons that are farthest from the
nucleus are important because they are more
frequently involved in the atom’s chemical
reactions.
These electrons of the outermost shell are
called valence electrons.
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Elements located in the same group display
similar chemical properties.
To understand this similarity more clearly,
consider 3 elements from the first column.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS
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Let us consider Lithium, Sodium and
Potassium.
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According to the Rutherford-Bohr model
of the atom, the three elements could be
represented like this:
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As we can see, each of these elements has
the same number of valence electrons.
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Elements situated in the same group have
the same number of valence electrons.
20
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The number of the group corresponds to the number of valence electrons that an atom has.
Important to remember:
The number of the period corresponds to the number of electron shells that an atom has.