The Permanent Maxillary The Permanent Maxillary Central IncisorCentral Incisor

Permanent Maxillary Central Permanent Maxillary Central IncisorsIncisors

Central incisors are Central incisors are four in numbersfour in numbers

centered on the centered on the maxilla, one on each maxilla, one on each side of the median lineside of the median line

Maxillary and Maxillary and mandibular central mandibular central incisor are the only incisor are the only neighboring teethneighboring teeth

in the dental in the dental arches with mesial arches with mesial surfaces in contactsurfaces in contact

Central incisor is Central incisor is longer than Lateral longer than Lateral IncisorIncisor

These supplement These supplement each other in each other in function ,similar function ,similar anatomicallyanatomically

For sheering or cuttingFor sheering or cutting Incisal ridges or edges Incisal ridges or edges

rather than cuspsrather than cusps

Incisal edge-Incisal edge- portion of the crown portion of the crown which make up the complete incisal which make up the complete incisal portionportion

EdgeEdge- implies an angle formed by the - implies an angle formed by the merging of two flat surfacesmerging of two flat surfaces

Incisal edge-Incisal edge-is formed by the junction is formed by the junction of the linguoincisal surface and labialof the linguoincisal surface and labial

Central IncisorCentral Incisor Is the widest of any Is the widest of any

anterior teeth anterior teeth mesiodistally mesiodistally

Symmetrical and Symmetrical and regularly formedregularly formed

Nearly straight incisal Nearly straight incisal edgeedge

Cervical line with Cervical line with curvature toward the curvature toward the rootroot

Mesial side with Mesial side with straight outlinestraight outline

Distal side more curvedDistal side more curved

Mesial incisal angle is Mesial incisal angle is relatively sharprelatively sharp

Distal incisal angle Distal incisal angle roundedrounded

Labial surface of Labial surface of crown is usually crown is usually convex at the cervical convex at the cervical 33rdrd/flat at the middle /flat at the middle 33rdrd and incisal portions and incisal portions

Presence of mamelons Presence of mamelons for newly erupted for newly erupted teethteeth

Presence of Presence of developmental developmental lines on the labial lines on the labial surface which surface which divides into 3 parts divides into 3 parts noticeable at the noticeable at the middle portionmiddle portion

Lingual surface of Maxillary Central Lingual surface of Maxillary Central IncisorIncisor

the surface is more the surface is more irregular irregular

Concave at the middle Concave at the middle and incisal portion and and incisal portion and bordered by the bordered by the mesial and distal mesial and distal marginal ridges,the marginal ridges,the lingual portion of lingual portion of incisal ridge and incisal ridge and cingulumcingulum

Gives a Gives a ““scoop likescoop like”” form of the crownform of the crown

Detailed description of the Max. CI Detailed description of the Max. CI from all aspectsfrom all aspects

Distal outline of the Distal outline of the crowncrown

More convex than More convex than the mesial outlinethe mesial outline

Crest of the Crest of the curvature is higher curvature is higher toward the cervical toward the cervical lineline

Rounded Rounded distoincisal angledistoincisal angle

Incisal outlineIncisal outline

Regular and Regular and straight in a straight in a mesiodistal mesiodistal directiondirection

Tends to curve Tends to curve downward toward downward toward the center of the the center of the crown outlining crown outlining making the crown making the crown longer at the longer at the center than at the center than at the two mesial and two mesial and distal angledistal angle

Cervical outlineCervical outline It follows a semicircular It follows a semicircular

direction with the direction with the curvature root wisecurvature root wise

RootRoot Cone-shape, blunt apex Cone-shape, blunt apex

with regular outline both with regular outline both mesially and distallymesially and distally

Root is usually 2-3 mm. Root is usually 2-3 mm. longer than the crownlonger than the crown

Line drawn through the Line drawn through the center of the root and center of the root and crown of the maxillary crown of the maxillary central incisor tends to central incisor tends to parallel the mesial outline parallel the mesial outline of the crown and rootof the crown and root

Lingual aspectLingual aspect Has convexities and Has convexities and

concavitiesconcavities Presence of cingulumPresence of cingulum Mesially and Mesially and

distallytconfluent with distallytconfluent with the cingulum are the cingulum are marginal ridgesmarginal ridges

With shallow cavity With shallow cavity the lingual fossaethe lingual fossae

Linguoincisal edge is Linguoincisal edge is raised somewhat at raised somewhat at the level of the the level of the marginal ridges marginal ridges mesially and distallymesially and distally

Usually there are Usually there are developmental grooves developmental grooves extending from the extending from the cingulum into the lingual cingulum into the lingual fossaefossae

The crown and root taper The crown and root taper lingually, making the lingually, making the crown calibration of the crown calibration of the two labial line angles two labial line angles greater than the two greater than the two lingual line angles, making lingual line angles, making the lingual portion of the the lingual portion of the root narrwer than the root narrwer than the labial portionlabial portion

Cross section of the RootCross section of the Root

At the cervix is At the cervix is triangular with triangular with rounded angles one rounded angles one side of the triangle is side of the triangle is labial with the mesial labial with the mesial and distal sides and distal sides pointing linguallypointing lingually

The mesial side of this The mesial side of this triangle is a larger triangle is a larger than the distal sidethan the distal side

Mesial AspectMesial Aspect The crown is The crown is

wedge-shaped,or wedge-shaped,or triangular, with the triangular, with the base of the triangle base of the triangle at the cervix and at the cervix and the apex at the the apex at the incisal ridge incisal ridge

A line drawn at the A line drawn at the center of the crown center of the crown and root will bisect and root will bisect the apex and also the apex and also the incisal ridge of the incisal ridge of the crownthe crown

Incisal ridge of the crown is in line Incisal ridge of the crown is in line with the center of the root which is with the center of the root which is the fundamental characteristics of the fundamental characteristics of the maxillary Central and Lateral the maxillary Central and Lateral incisorincisor

Labially and lingually immediately Labially and lingually immediately coronal to the cervical line are the coronal to the cervical line are the crest of the curvature of these crest of the curvature of these surfaces, they are the one that gives surfaces, they are the one that gives the crown its greatest labiolingual the crown its greatest labiolingual measurement of about .5 mm measurement of about .5 mm extension before continuing the extension before continuing the outline to the incisal edgeoutline to the incisal edge

Labial outlineLabial outline

Is slightly convex from the crest of Is slightly convex from the crest of the curvature to the incisal edgethe curvature to the incisal edge

Lingual outlineLingual outline

Convex from the crest of the Convex from the crest of the curvature to the cingulum, concave curvature to the cingulum, concave at the mesial marginal ridge, and at the mesial marginal ridge, and become slightly convex again at the become slightly convex again at the incisal ridge and incisal edge.incisal ridge and incisal edge.

Cervical line outlining the CEJ is Cervical line outlining the CEJ is directed incisallydirected incisally

Cervical curvarture is greater on the Cervical curvarture is greater on the mesial surface than any surface or mesial surface than any surface or any other tooth in the mouth.any other tooth in the mouth.

Root cone shape with blunt rounded Root cone shape with blunt rounded apexapex

Distal aspectDistal aspect

Because of the slope of the labial Because of the slope of the labial surface distolingually, more of that surface distolingually, more of that surface is seen from the distal surface is seen from the distal aspect, creating an illusion of greater aspect, creating an illusion of greater thicknessthickness

Curvature at the cervical line Curvature at the cervical line outlining the CEJ is less in extent on outlining the CEJ is less in extent on the distal than on the mesial surface. the distal than on the mesial surface. Most teeth show this characteristic.Most teeth show this characteristic.

Incisal AspectIncisal Aspect

Labial aspect is relatively broad and Labial aspect is relatively broad and flat in comparison with the lingual flat in comparison with the lingual surfacesurface

Cervical portion labially is convexCervical portion labially is convex Lingual portionLingual portionThe outline tapers lingually towards The outline tapers lingually towards

the cingulumthe cingulumCingulum-makes up the cervical Cingulum-makes up the cervical

portion of the lingual surfaceportion of the lingual surface

The crown conforms to a triangular The crown conforms to a triangular outline similar to the cross section at outline similar to the cross section at the cervixthe cervix

Incisal ridge may be sees clearly and Incisal ridge may be sees clearly and a differentiation between the incisal a differentiation between the incisal ridge and incisal edge with its slope ridge and incisal edge with its slope towards the lingual is easily towards the lingual is easily distuinguisheddistuinguished

The mesiolabial and distolabial line The mesiolabial and distolabial line angles are prominent in this aspect angles are prominent in this aspect compare to the mesiolingual and compare to the mesiolingual and distolingual line angle which is made distolingual line angle which is made up of mesial and distal marginal up of mesial and distal marginal ridges.ridges.

Maxillary Lateral Maxillary Lateral IncisorsIncisors

It supplements the It supplements the central incisor in central incisor in functionfunction

Crown bears a Crown bears a close resemblance close resemblance to the central to the central incisorincisor

It is smaller in all It is smaller in all dimensions except dimensions except root lengthroot length

This tooth differs from This tooth differs from central incisor in:central incisor in:

Variation in development Variation in development more than any other tooth more than any other tooth in the mouth except the in the mouth except the 33rdrd molar molar

Ex. Peg shaped lateralsEx. Peg shaped lateralsPointed tubercle on the Pointed tubercle on the

cingulum deep cingulum deep developmental grooves developmental grooves extending from the extending from the cingulum to the roots, cingulum to the roots, twisted roots and distorted twisted roots and distorted crownscrowns

Detailed Description of the Detailed Description of the Maxillary Lateral IncisorMaxillary Lateral Incisor

Labial aspectLabial aspectAlthough it is similar in Although it is similar in

appearance with appearance with Central Incisor, it has Central Incisor, it has more curvature.more curvature.

Rounded incisal ridge Rounded incisal ridge and rounded incisal and rounded incisal angles mesially and angles mesially and distallydistally

Crown is smaller in all Crown is smaller in all dimensionsdimensions

Its proportions Its proportions corresponds to those corresponds to those of the central incisorof the central incisor

Lingual aspectLingual aspect Cingulum is prominentCingulum is prominent Linguoincisal ridge is well Linguoincisal ridge is well

developeddeveloped The lingual fossa is more The lingual fossa is more

concave and circumscribed concave and circumscribed than the central incisorthan the central incisor

Tooth tapers toward the Tooth tapers toward the linguallingual

Not uncommon to find a Not uncommon to find a deep developmental deep developmental groove at the side of the groove at the side of the cingulum,usually on the cingulum,usually on the distal side, which may distal side, which may extend up on the root form extend up on the root form part or all of its length.part or all of its length.

Mesial aspectMesial aspect Similar to that of a small Similar to that of a small

central incisor except that the central incisor except that the root appears longerroot appears longer

Crown is shorter.the root is Crown is shorter.the root is relatively longerrelatively longer

Curvature of the cervical line Curvature of the cervical line is in the direction of incisal is in the direction of incisal ridgeridge

The root appears as a tapered The root appears as a tapered cone from this aspect with a cone from this aspect with a bluntly rounded apical endbluntly rounded apical end

The labial outline of the root The labial outline of the root from this aspect is straight from this aspect is straight

A line drawn through the A line drawn through the center of the root tends to center of the root tends to bisect the incisal ridge of the bisect the incisal ridge of the crowncrown

Distal aspectDistal aspect The width of the crown The width of the crown

distally appears thicker distally appears thicker than it does on the mesial than it does on the mesial aspect from marginal ridge aspect from marginal ridge to labial face.to labial face.

The curvature of the The curvature of the cervical line is usually a cervical line is usually a millimeter or so less in millimeter or so less in depth than on the mesial depth than on the mesial side.side.

Not uncommon to find a Not uncommon to find a developmental groove developmental groove distally on the crown distally on the crown extending on the root for extending on the root for part or all its lengthpart or all its length

Incisal aspectIncisal aspect Sometimes resembles that Sometimes resembles that

of the central incisor or it of the central incisor or it may resembles that of a may resembles that of a small caninesmall canine

From this aspect bit From this aspect bit resemble a central incisor resemble a central incisor except in sizeexcept in size

Cingulum and incisal ridge Cingulum and incisal ridge may be largemay be large

Labiolingual dimension Labiolingual dimension greater than usual in greater than usual in comparison with the comparison with the mesiodistal dimensionmesiodistal dimension

All maxillary lateral incisors All maxillary lateral incisors exhibit more convexity exhibit more convexity labially and lingually from labially and lingually from the incisal aspect than the incisal aspect than maxillary central incisorsmaxillary central incisors

Permanent Mandibular Permanent Mandibular Central IncisorCentral Incisor

Permanent Mandibular IncisorsPermanent Mandibular Incisors

are centered in are centered in the mandiblethe mandible

Mesial surface of Mesial surface of each one contact each one contact with the otherwith the other

Right and left Right and left mandibular lateral mandibular lateral or second incisors or second incisors are distal to the are distal to the central incisorscentral incisors

The Permanent Mandibular The Permanent Mandibular incisorsincisors

Similar in form and have Similar in form and have smooth crown surfacessmooth crown surfaces

Mamelons are worn off Mamelons are worn off soon after eruption soon after eruption

contact areas are near the contact areas are near the incisal ridges mesially and incisal ridges mesially and distallydistally

Anatomic form differs Anatomic form differs entirely from the maxillary entirely from the maxillary incisorsincisors

Outlines and surfaces are Outlines and surfaces are regular and symmetricalregular and symmetrical

contact areas are contact areas are near the incisal near the incisal ridges mesially and ridges mesially and distallydistally

Anatomic form Anatomic form differs entirely differs entirely from the maxillary from the maxillary incisorsincisors

Outlines and Outlines and surfaces are surfaces are regular and regular and symmetricalsymmetrical

Mandibular Central IncisorMandibular Central Incisor Smallest tooth in the dental Smallest tooth in the dental

archesarches Crown is more than half the Crown is more than half the

mesiodistal diameter of the mesiodistal diameter of the maxillary central incisormaxillary central incisor

Labiolingual diameter is only Labiolingual diameter is only 1 mm or less1 mm or less

the single root is very narrow the single root is very narrow mesiodistally and mesiodistally and corresponds to the corresponds to the narrowness of the narrowness of the crown,although the root and crown,although the root and crown are wide labiolinguallycrown are wide labiolingually

Detailed Description of the Mandibular Central Incisor Detailed Description of the Mandibular Central Incisor

from all from all aspectsaspects

Labial aspectLabial aspect Is regular tapering Is regular tapering

evenly from the evenly from the relatively sharp mesial relatively sharp mesial and distal incisal and distal incisal angles to the apical angles to the apical portion of the rootportion of the root

Incisal ridge of the Incisal ridge of the crown is straight and crown is straight and is approximately a is approximately a right angle to the long right angle to the long axis of the toothaxis of the tooth

Labial aspect of Mandibular Labial aspect of Mandibular central incisor central incisor

the mesial and distal the mesial and distal outlines of the outlines of the crown make a crown make a straight drop straight drop downward from the downward from the incisal angles to the incisal angles to the contact areas which contact areas which are incisal to the are incisal to the junction of incisal junction of incisal and middle thirds of and middle thirds of the crown.the crown.

The mesial and distal The mesial and distal outline sides of the outline sides of the crown taper evenly crown taper evenly from the contact areas from the contact areas to the narrow cervixto the narrow cervix

The mesial and distal The mesial and distal root outlines are root outlines are straight with the straight with the mesial and distal mesial and distal outlines of the crown outlines of the crown down to the apical down to the apical portionportion

The apical third of the The apical third of the root terminates in a root terminates in a small pointed taper small pointed taper curving curving distally,sometimes distally,sometimes straightstraight

Labial surface is smooth Labial surface is smooth which flattenedat the which flattenedat the incisal third,more incisal third,more convex middle thirdconvex middle third

Labial surface of the Labial surface of the root is regular and root is regular and convexconvex

Lingual aspect of mandibular Lingual aspect of mandibular central incisorcentral incisor

Smooth,slight Smooth,slight concavity at incisal concavity at incisal thirdthird

Marginal ridges are Marginal ridges are more prominent more prominent near the incisal near the incisal edgesedges

Becomes flat and Becomes flat and then convex from then convex from incisal third to the incisal third to the cervical thirdcervical third

Mesial aspect of mandibular Mesial aspect of mandibular central incisorcentral incisor

Curvature labially and Curvature labially and lingually above the lingually above the cervical line <found cervical line <found on maxillary incisorson maxillary incisors

Outline of the labial Outline of the labial face of the crown is face of the crown is straight above the straight above the cervical curvature cervical curvature sloping rapidly from sloping rapidly from the crest ofcurvature the crest ofcurvature to the incisal ridgeto the incisal ridge

The lingual outline of The lingual outline of the crown is a straight the crown is a straight line inclined labially for line inclined labially for a short distance above a short distance above the smooth convexity the smooth convexity of the cingulum: the of the cingulum: the straight outline joins a straight outline joins a concave line at the concave line at the middle third of the middle third of the crown, which extends crown, which extends upward to join the upward to join the rounded outline of a rounded outline of a narrow incisal ridgenarrow incisal ridge

The incisal ridge is The incisal ridge is rounded or worn flat rounded or worn flat and its center is and its center is usually lingual to the usually lingual to the center of the rootcenter of the root

The root outline from The root outline from the mesial aspect the mesial aspect are straight with the are straight with the crown outline from crown outline from the cervical linethe cervical line

The mesial surface The mesial surface of the crown is of the crown is convex and smooth convex and smooth at the incisal third at the incisal third and becomes and becomes broader and flatter broader and flatter at the middle third at the middle third cervical to the cervical to the contact area.contact area.

Distal aspectDistal aspect

The cervical line The cervical line representing the cej representing the cej curves incisally about 1 curves incisally about 1 mm less than on the mm less than on the mesialmesial

is similar that of the is similar that of the mesial surfacemesial surface

The developmental The developmental depression on the root depression on the root surface with a deeper surface with a deeper and more well- defined and more well- defined developmental groove at developmental groove at the centerthe center

Incisal aspectIncisal aspect

Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry Mesial half is Mesial half is

almost identical almost identical with the distal halfwith the distal half

Incisal edge at Incisal edge at right angles to a right angles to a line bisecting the line bisecting the crown crown labiolinguallylabiolingually

Incisal aspectIncisal aspect

The labial surface The labial surface of the crown is of the crown is wider mesiodistally wider mesiodistally than the lingual than the lingual surface. surface.

The crown is wider The crown is wider labially than labially than lingually at the lingually at the cervical thirdcervical third

Mandibular Lateral Mandibular Lateral IncisorIncisor

Mandibular lateral incisorMandibular lateral incisor

The 2The 2ndnd mandibular tooth from the mandibular tooth from the median linemedian line

It resembles the mandibular central It resembles the mandibular central incisorincisor

Somewhat larger (compare Somewhat larger (compare measurements)measurements)

operate as teamwork with the central operate as teamwork with the central incisor therefore functional form is incisor therefore functional form is related related

Description of mandibular lateral Description of mandibular lateral incisorincisor

Labial aspect Labial aspect and and distal aspect show distal aspect show added fraction of added fraction of approximately 1 approximately 1 mm of crown mm of crown diameter diameter mesiodistally mesiodistally added to the distal added to the distal half. half.

Mandibular lateral incisorMandibular lateral incisor

Mesial and distal aspectMesial and distal aspect Mesial side is often longer than distal Mesial side is often longer than distal

side.causing the incisal ridge, which is straight, to side.causing the incisal ridge, which is straight, to slope downward in a distal directionslope downward in a distal direction

Distal contact area is more toward the cervical 3Distal contact area is more toward the cervical 3rdrd than the mesial contact area than the mesial contact area

Crown of mandibular Crown of mandibular lateral incisor is lateral incisor is somewhat longer than somewhat longer than that of the central that of the central incisor incisor

The root maybe The root maybe considerbly longerconsiderbly longer

Root form is similar to Root form is similar to that of the central that of the central incisorincisor..

Incisal aspectIncisal aspect

Provides a feature that Provides a feature that can usually serve to can usually serve to identify this tooth.identify this tooth.

Incisal edge is not Incisal edge is not approximately at right approximately at right angles to a line angles to a line bisecting the crown bisecting the crown and root labiolingually and root labiolingually as was found as was found observing the central observing the central incisorincisor

Incisal aspectIncisal aspect

The edge follows The edge follows the curvature of the the curvature of the mandibular arch, mandibular arch, giving the crown of giving the crown of the mandibular the mandibular lateral incisor the lateral incisor the appearance of appearance of being twisted being twisted slightly on on its slightly on on its root base root base

It is interesting to It is interesting to note that the note that the labiolingual root labiolingual root axesaxes of mandibular of mandibular central and lateral central and lateral incisors remain incisors remain almost parallel in almost parallel in the alveolar the alveolar process,eventhough process,eventhough the incisal ridges are the incisal ridges are not directly in line.not directly in line.

The Permanent The Permanent Canines Maxillary and Canines Maxillary and

MandibularMandibular

Maxillary and Mandibular canineMaxillary and Mandibular canine

Bear a close resemblance to each other and Bear a close resemblance to each other and functions are closely relatedfunctions are closely related

Four canines are placed at the corners of the Four canines are placed at the corners of the mouthmouth

The third tooth from the midlineThe third tooth from the midline The longest teeth in the mouthThe longest teeth in the mouth Middle labial lobes have been highly developed Middle labial lobes have been highly developed

incisally into strong well –formed cusps crowns incisally into strong well –formed cusps crowns and roots are markedly convex on most surfacesand roots are markedly convex on most surfaces

Most stable teeth in the mouth because Most stable teeth in the mouth because of labiolingual thickness of crown and of labiolingual thickness of crown and rootroot

The positions and forms of these teeth The positions and forms of these teeth and their anchorage in the bone along and their anchorage in the bone along with the bone ridge over the labial with the bone ridge over the labial portions called the portions called the

Help to form a foundation that ensures Help to form a foundation that ensures normal facial epression at the normal facial epression at the ““corners of corners of the mouththe mouth

In function canines In function canines support the support the incisors and incisors and premolars premolars

Maxillary CanineMaxillary Canine

Outline of labial or Outline of labial or lingual aspects is a lingual aspects is a series of curves series of curves except for the angle except for the angle made by the tip of the made by the tip of the cusp.cusp.

Mesial half of the Mesial half of the crown makes contact crown makes contact with the lateral incisorwith the lateral incisor

The distal half The distal half contacts the first contacts the first premolarpremolar

From the labial aspectFrom the labial aspect

The mesial half of the The mesial half of the crown resembles a portion crown resembles a portion of an incisor,distal half of an incisor,distal half resembles a portion of resembles a portion of premolarpremolar

The labiolingual The labiolingual measurement of the crown measurement of the crown is about 1 mm greater is about 1 mm greater than maxillary central than maxillary central incisor incisor

The mesiodistal The mesiodistal measurement is measurement is approximately 1 mm lessapproximately 1 mm less

The cingulum shows The cingulum shows greater development greater development than central incisorthan central incisor

Root is the longestRoot is the longest Root is thick Root is thick

labiolingually with labiolingually with developmental developmental depressions mesially depressions mesially and distally that help and distally that help to furnish the secure to furnish the secure anchorage this tooth anchorage this tooth has in the maxillahas in the maxilla

Detailed Description of the Maxillary Detailed Description of the Maxillary

Canine from All Canine from All aspectsaspectsLabial aspectLabial aspect Crown and root Crown and root

narrower mesiodistally narrower mesiodistally than those of the than those of the maxillary central maxillary central incisorincisor

Cervical line is convex Cervical line is convex with the convexity with the convexity toward the roottoward the root

Mesial aspectMesial aspect Convex outline from Convex outline from

the cervix to the center the cervix to the center of the mesial contact of the mesial contact are or the crown may are or the crown may exhibit a slight exhibit a slight concavity above the concavity above the contact area from the contact area from the labial aspect. The labial aspect. The center of the contact center of the contact area mesially is area mesially is approximately at the approximately at the junction of the middle junction of the middle and incisal thirds of the and incisal thirds of the crowncrown

Distal aspectDistal aspect Usually concave between Usually concave between

the cervical line and the the cervical line and the distal contact areadistal contact area

Distal contact area usually Distal contact area usually at the center of the crown. at the center of the crown.

The cusp has a The cusp has a mesial and distal mesial and distal slope , the mesial slope , the mesial slope being the slope being the shorter of the two.shorter of the two.

Both slopes show a Both slopes show a tendency toward tendency toward concavity before concavity before wear has taken wear has taken placeplace

The labial surface The labial surface of the crown is of the crown is smooth with no smooth with no developmental developmental lines except lines except shallow shallow depressions depressions mesially and mesially and distally dividing the distally dividing the three labial lobesthree labial lobes

The middle labial The middle labial lobe shows much lobe shows much greater greater development than development than the other lobesthe other lobes

This produces a This produces a ridge on the labial ridge on the labial surface of the surface of the crown.crown.

A line drawn over the A line drawn over the crest of this ridge from crest of this ridge from the cervical line to the the cervical line to the tip of the cusp,is a tip of the cusp,is a curved one inclined curved one inclined mesially at its center.mesially at its center.

All areas mesial to the All areas mesial to the contrat of this ridge contrat of this ridge exhibit convexity exhibit convexity ecept for insignificant ecept for insignificant developmental lines in developmental lines in the enamelthe enamel

The root of the The root of the maxillary canine maxillary canine appears slender from appears slender from the labial aspect when the labial aspect when compared with the compared with the bulk of the crownbulk of the crown

It is conical in form It is conical in form with a bluntly pointed with a bluntly pointed apexapex

The labial surface of The labial surface of the root is smooth and the root is smooth and convex at all pointsconvex at all points

Lingual aspectLingual aspect

The crown and root The crown and root are narrower lingually are narrower lingually than labiallythan labially

Cervical line differs Cervical line differs somewhat from the somewhat from the curvature found curvature found labially.labially.

The cervical line shows The cervical line shows a more even curvaturea more even curvature

The line maybe The line maybe straight for a short straight for a short interval at this pointinterval at this point

Cingulum is large in Cingulum is large in some instances is some instances is pointed like a small pointed like a small cuspcusp

Definite ridges are Definite ridges are found on the lingual found on the lingual surface of the crown surface of the crown below the cingulum below the cingulum and between strongly and between strongly dveloped marginal dveloped marginal ridgesridges

Occasionally a well-Occasionally a well-developed lingual ridge is developed lingual ridge is seen which is confluent seen which is confluent with the cusp tip. This with the cusp tip. This extends to a point near the extends to a point near the cingulumcingulum

There may be shallow There may be shallow concavities between this concavities between this ridge and the marginal ridge and the marginal ridges.ridges.

When these concavities When these concavities are present they are called are present they are called mesial and distal lingual mesial and distal lingual fossaefossae

The lingual portion The lingual portion of the root of the of the root of the maxillary canine is maxillary canine is narrower than the narrower than the labial portionlabial portion

Mesial aspectMesial aspect Present the outline of the Present the outline of the

functional form of an functional form of an anterior toothanterior tooth

Outline of the crown is Outline of the crown is wedge shape ,the greatest wedge shape ,the greatest measurement being at the measurement being at the cervical third and the cervical third and the wedge point represented wedge point represented by the tip of the cuspby the tip of the cusp

The entire labial The entire labial outline from the outline from the mesial aspect mesial aspect exhibits more exhibits more convexity from the convexity from the cervical line to the cervical line to the cusp tip than the cusp tip than the maxillary central maxillary central incisor does from incisor does from cervix to incisal cervix to incisal edgeedge

The lingual outline of the The lingual outline of the crown represented by crown represented by convex line describing the convex line describing the cingulum,which convexity cingulum,which convexity straightens out as the straightens out as the middle third is middle third is reached,becoming convex reached,becoming convex again in the incisal third again in the incisal third

The cervical line The cervical line curves toward the curves toward the cusp on the cusp on the average ,approx. average ,approx. 2.5 mm (cemento 2.5 mm (cemento enamel junction)enamel junction)

Lingual aspectLingual aspect

The outline of the The outline of the root is conical,with root is conical,with a tapered or a tapered or bluntly pointed bluntly pointed apex.apex.

The root may curve The root may curve labially toward the labially toward the apical third apical third

The labial outline The labial outline of the root may be of the root may be almost almost perpendicular with perpendicular with most of the taper most of the taper appearing on the appearing on the lingual sidelingual side

the mesial surface of the mesial surface of the canine crown the canine crown presents convexities presents convexities at all points except for at all points except for a small circumscribed a small circumscribed area above the area above the contact area,where contact area,where the surface is concave the surface is concave and flat between that and flat between that area and the cervical area and the cervical lineline

The mesial surface of The mesial surface of the root appears broad the root appears broad with a shallow with a shallow developmental developmental depression for part of depression for part of the root lengththe root length

.Developmental .Developmental depressions on the depressions on the heavy roots help to heavy roots help to anchor the teeth in the anchor the teeth in the alveoli and help to alveoli and help to prevent rotation and prevent rotation and displacementdisplacement

Distal AspectDistal Aspect

Shows somewhat the Shows somewhat the same form as the same form as the mesial aspect with the mesial aspect with the following variations:following variations:

1.1. Cervical line exhibit Cervical line exhibit less curvature toward less curvature toward the cuspid ridgethe cuspid ridge

2.2. The distal marginal The distal marginal ridge is heavier and ridge is heavier and more irregular in more irregular in outlineoutline

3. The surface 3. The surface displays more displays more concavity usually concavity usually above the contact above the contact areaarea

4. The developmental 4. The developmental depression on the depression on the distal side of the distal side of the root is more root is more pronounced.pronounced.

Incisal AspectIncisal Aspect

Emphasizes the Emphasizes the proportion of this proportion of this tooth mesiodistally tooth mesiodistally and labiolingually.and labiolingually.

The labiolingual The labiolingual dimension is dimension is greater than the greater than the mesiodistalmesiodistal

The ridge of the The ridge of the middle labial lobe middle labial lobe is very noticeable is very noticeable labially from the labially from the incisal aspect incisal aspect

It attains its It attains its greatest convexity greatest convexity at the cervical third at the cervical third of the crown of the crown linguallylingually

The cingulum The cingulum development makes development makes up the cervical third of up the cervical third of the crown linguallythe crown lingually

The outline of the The outline of the cingulum maybe cingulum maybe described by a shorter described by a shorter arc than the one arc than the one labially from this labially from this aspect aspect

A line bisecting the A line bisecting the cusp and cusp ridges cusp and cusp ridges drawn in the drawn in the mesiodistal direction mesiodistal direction is almost always is almost always straight and bisects straight and bisects the short arcs the short arcs representative of the representative of the mesial and distal mesial and distal contact areascontact areas

The incisal aspect The incisal aspect of most canines of most canines max. or mand. May max. or mand. May be outlined in be outlined in many cases by a many cases by a series of arcs.series of arcs.

The Mandibular CanineThe Mandibular Canine

Mandibular canine Mandibular canine is narrower is narrower mesiodistally than mesiodistally than the maxillary the maxillary caninecanine

The root maybe as The root maybe as long s the max. long s the max. caninebut usually caninebut usually shortershorter

The lingual surface of The lingual surface of the crown is smoother the crown is smoother with less cingulum with less cingulum development and less development and less bulk to the marginal bulk to the marginal ridgesridges

The lingual portion of The lingual portion of this crown resembles this crown resembles the form of the lingual the form of the lingual surfaces of the surfaces of the mandibular lateral mandibular lateral incisorsincisors

The cusp of the The cusp of the mandibular canine is mandibular canine is not as well developed not as well developed as that of the as that of the maxillary canine,and maxillary canine,and the cusp ridges are the cusp ridges are thinner labiolinguallythinner labiolingually

A variation in the form A variation in the form of the mandibular of the mandibular canine is bifurcated canine is bifurcated rootsroots..

Detailed Description of the Mandibular Detailed Description of the Mandibular canine in all aspectscanine in all aspects

Labial AspectLabial Aspect The mesiodistal The mesiodistal

dimensions of the dimensions of the mandibular canine mandibular canine are less than those of are less than those of the maxillary canine.the maxillary canine.

Essential Differences between mandibular and maxillary Essential Differences between mandibular and maxillary canines viewed from the labial aspect :canines viewed from the labial aspect :

Crowns of mand. Crowns of mand. Canine appear longerCanine appear longer

Mesial outline is nearly Mesial outline is nearly straight with the mesial straight with the mesial outline of the rootoutline of the root

Mesial contact area Mesial contact area being near the being near the mesioincisal anglemesioincisal angle

Distal contact area is Distal contact area is more toward the incisal more toward the incisal than that of the than that of the maxillary canine.maxillary canine.