The Persecution BeginsThe Persecution Begins

Phases of PersecutionPhases of Persecution

Anti-Jewish policies are often divided into phasesAnti-Jewish policies are often divided into phases Each more aggressive than the lastEach more aggressive than the last

1933-1935 1933-1935 boycotts and dismissal from government jobsboycotts and dismissal from government jobs

1935-19381935-1938 Legal restrictions, begin AryanizationLegal restrictions, begin Aryanization

1938-19391938-1939 Attacks, confiscation of property, increased violenceAttacks, confiscation of property, increased violence

1939-19451939-1945 WWII presents Nazis with opportunity to wage war on the Jews WWII presents Nazis with opportunity to wage war on the Jews

of Europeof Europe

Purposes of Nazi PoliciesPurposes of Nazi Policies

Nazis wanted to make Germany Nazis wanted to make Germany “Judenrein” or cleansed of Jews“Judenrein” or cleansed of Jews

Policies used to remove them from public Policies used to remove them from public life and restrict themlife and restrict them

Try to get as many to leave as possibleTry to get as many to leave as possible By 1938, about 25% of Germany’s Jews had By 1938, about 25% of Germany’s Jews had

left the countryleft the country

19331933

Nazis encouraged Germans to boycott Nazis encouraged Germans to boycott Jewish businessesJewish businesses

Scheduled to begin on April 1, 1933Scheduled to begin on April 1, 1933

Signs posted to advertise the boycottSigns posted to advertise the boycott First boycott was not as successful as Nazis First boycott was not as successful as Nazis

hopedhoped Schedule additional boycottsSchedule additional boycotts

19331933

Jews dismissed from Certain jobsJews dismissed from Certain jobs Government jobsGovernment jobs Teaching (public schools and universities)Teaching (public schools and universities) Lawyers Lawyers JudgesJudges

Reich Chamber of Culture also banned Reich Chamber of Culture also banned Jews from holding jobs in radio, theater, or Jews from holding jobs in radio, theater, or artart

19331933

Jews prohibited from owning landJews prohibited from owning land

Jewish doctors not allowed to treat Aryan Jewish doctors not allowed to treat Aryan patientspatients

19351935

Nuremberg Laws adoptedNuremberg Laws adopted Jews deprived of citizenshipJews deprived of citizenship Bans intermarriage between Jews and AryansBans intermarriage between Jews and Aryans Jews could not employ females under the age Jews could not employ females under the age

of 45of 45 Jews forbidden from displaying the Reich’s Jews forbidden from displaying the Reich’s

flagflag

19361936

Restrictions on Jews temporarily relaxedRestrictions on Jews temporarily relaxed Berlin hosted the OlympicsBerlin hosted the Olympics Anti-Jewish propaganda taken downAnti-Jewish propaganda taken down

Gives Jews a false sense of hopeGives Jews a false sense of hope They thought things were going to get betterThey thought things were going to get better Believed the Nazi policies would eventually Believed the Nazi policies would eventually

end.end.

19371937

Ayranization increasedAyranization increased Jewish property seized and handed over to Jewish property seized and handed over to

“Aryan” Germans“Aryan” Germans Jews forced to register property with Jews forced to register property with

governmentgovernment System used to further impoverish the Jews of System used to further impoverish the Jews of

GermanyGermany

19381938

Germany annexed Austria (Germany annexed Austria (AnschlussAnschluss)) March, 1938March, 1938 Nazi policies apply to Austrian territoryNazi policies apply to Austrian territory

Adolf Eichmann assists Nazis in their Adolf Eichmann assists Nazis in their persecution of Austrian Jewspersecution of Austrian Jews

Organizes system for registration of Jews, seizure Organizes system for registration of Jews, seizure of property and forced emigrationof property and forced emigration

Over 100,000 Jews forced to leave Austria Over 100,000 Jews forced to leave Austria Eichmann later helps organize the transportation of Jews Eichmann later helps organize the transportation of Jews

to killing centersto killing centers

19381938

Jews forced to add “Israel” and “Sarah” to Jews forced to add “Israel” and “Sarah” to their names and mark passports with “J” their names and mark passports with “J” for easier identificationfor easier identification

Could no longer attend public functions, Could no longer attend public functions, own phones or radios, and could not own phones or radios, and could not operate vehiclesoperate vehicles

Jews given curfewsJews given curfews

19381938

International protests due to Nazi policiesInternational protests due to Nazi policiesNazis try to get as many Jews to leave Nazis try to get as many Jews to leave Germany as possibleGermany as possibleMost countries had immigration quotasMost countries had immigration quotas Restricted the number of people they would Restricted the number of people they would

allow in allow in

Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) calls for an Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) calls for an international conference to discuss the international conference to discuss the fate of the Jewsfate of the Jews

19381938

Evian Conference (in France)Evian Conference (in France) Summer, 1938Summer, 1938 32 nations represented (including the U.S.)32 nations represented (including the U.S.) Hitler offers to let Jews leave if other nations Hitler offers to let Jews leave if other nations

would take themwould take them No one willing to relax immigration quotas and No one willing to relax immigration quotas and

take more Jewstake more JewsOnly one country agreed to take more Jewish Only one country agreed to take more Jewish refugees (Dominican Republic)refugees (Dominican Republic)

19381938

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference September, 1938September, 1938 Meeting to discuss Nazi aggression toward Meeting to discuss Nazi aggression toward

other nations of Europeother nations of Europe

Appeasement!!!Appeasement!!! Allow Hitler to have his wayAllow Hitler to have his way Hoped to avoid a warHoped to avoid a war

More on this in the Next unit.More on this in the Next unit.

19381938

KristallnachtKristallnacht Night of Broken GlassNight of Broken Glass Night of November 9-10, 1938Night of November 9-10, 1938

Major violent attackMajor violent attack Synagogues burned, Jewish homes and Synagogues burned, Jewish homes and

businesses looted and damagedbusinesses looted and damaged 30,000 Jews sent to concentration camps30,000 Jews sent to concentration camps

Night of Broken GlassNight of Broken GlassUnited States Holocaust Memorial MuseumUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum

ImagesImages http://http://

www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/gallery_ph.php?Moduwww.ushmm.org/wlc/en/gallery_ph.php?ModuleIdleId=10005201=10005201

Eye witness account of KristallnachtEye witness account of Kristallnacht http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_oi.php?http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_oi.php?

ModuleId=10005201&MediaId=1158ModuleId=10005201&MediaId=1158

19391939

Aryanization continuesAryanization continues Jews register their property/valuables with the Jews register their property/valuables with the

governmentgovernment Property is then confiscated and houses Property is then confiscated and houses

lootedlooted Property turned over to “Aryans”Property turned over to “Aryans”

19391939

Over 900 Jewish refugees board the Over 900 Jewish refugees board the St. St. LouisLouis and sail to Cuba and sail to Cuba May, 1939May, 1939 Cuba refuses entry for most of themCuba refuses entry for most of them United States refused to take themUnited States refused to take them

Over 700 were on the quota list to enter the U.S.Over 700 were on the quota list to enter the U.S. Forced to return to Europe in June, 1939Forced to return to Europe in June, 1939

Most will die during Nazi occupation of Western Most will die during Nazi occupation of Western EuropeEurope

19391939

Nazis and Soviets sign a non-aggression Nazis and Soviets sign a non-aggression pactpact

September 1, 1939: September 1, 1939: German invasion of PolandGerman invasion of Poland

WWII BEGINSWWII BEGINS