the persian war detail of persian campaigns. difference between persia, greece persians absolute...
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The Persian War
Detail of Persian Campaigns
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Difference Between Persia, Greece
Persians• Absolute monarchy,
centered on Persian “King of Kings”
• Empire of conquered people, fighting b/c their king told them to
• Small educated class• Land power w/ weak navy• Persian king wanted
everyone to be Persian
Greeks • Many different forms of
government• Free people fighting to
stay free• Large educated class• Strong navies, good
armies• Greeks wanted everyone
to think like Greeks
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Causes of the First Persian War• Ionian Greeks (living
along coast of Black Sea) were being oppressed by a client king of the Persians
• In 499 BC, Ionian Greeks rebelled against client king and asked for help from mainland Greeks; Athens sent 20 warships to assist them
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First Persian War• Persians reasserted control
by 495 BC; Darius decided to punish Athens
• In 492 BC, he sent a large fleet and army across Aegean Sea, landing near Athens
• Persian army approximately 30,000 troops; Athenian army about 9,000
• Outnumbered Greeks met the Persians at the seashore
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Battle of Marathon, 490 BC
• Persian camp was on seashore
• Persian warships were beached
• Greeks assembled for battle– Made center of phalanx
purposefully thinner– Massed troops on ends of
lines
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Battle of Marathon, 490 BC
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Battle of Marathon, 490 BC• . . . And performed a double envelopment of the Persian army• Most of Persian navy launched without waiting for Persian
soldiers; many drowned or were speared in water
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First Persian War Aftermath
• For the first time, all Greeks were unified in face of perceived threat to their way of life, form Greek League
• Son, Xerxes, assumed power, and prepared massive invasion force for return to Greece to avenge father’s loss
vs.
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Second Persian War (480-479 BC)
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Second Persian War• Xerxes invaded Greece
– Huge army drawn from all over empire, brought together
– Accuracy of troop numbers: Herodutus claimed up to 4 million!!
– Modern estimates, based on supply limitations = 250,000
– Herodutus claimed Persians had a fleet of over 1000 ships, paralleling army
– Crossed Hellespont over bridge of boats
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Battle of Thermopylae
• Met Spartans in battle in mountain pass at Thermopylae, in central Greece
• King Leonidas of Sparta led 300 Spartans and 3700 other Greeks in a desperate stand to slow Persian advance
Hollywood’s Leonidas
Greece’s Leonidas
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Battle of Thermopylae• For three days, Leonidas held Persians off, killing
thousands of Persians; but a Greek traitor showed Persians a way around the Spartan blockade; they were attacked from rear and destroyed to the man
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Fall of Athens and Salamis• Persians marched on
Athens & destroyed the abandoned city
• Xerxes brought fleet up to destroy Athenian navy and kill Athenians who took refuge on island of Salamis
• Battle of Salamis ensued; – Outnumbered Greeks
destroyed Persian navy– Lured Persians into narrow
straits & negated their #s
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Salamis
• Following defeat, Xerxes abandoned his army and returned to Persia
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Significance of Persian Wars
• Greek victory allowed Golden Age of Greece to occur
• Western philosophy, art & culture came into its own and spread throughout Europe (and eventually to the US)
• Persian victory would have snuffed out idea of democracy
• Persian victory would have changed our world today