Cha

rter

-Cha

nge

in th

e Ph

ilipp

ines

:Le

sson

s fr

om th

e Th

ai E

xper

ienc

e (1

997-

pres

ent)

Bjö

rnD

ress

el, P

h.D

. Can

dida

teJo

hns

Hop

kins

Uni

vers

ityK

onra

dAd

enau

er F

ound

atio

nM

akat

iSha

ngri

La H

otel

Man

ila, A

ugus

t 23,

200

4

Out

line

I.W

hy to

look

at T

haila

nd?

II.Th

e Th

ai C

ase

I.Th

e Pr

oces

sII.

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

tent

III.

Polit

ical

-Eco

nom

ic E

ffect

s: s

ome

prel

imin

ary

eval

uatio

ns

III.

Less

ons

and

Cho

ices

for t

he P

hilip

pine

sI.

On

Proc

ess

II.El

ecto

ral S

yste

ms

III.

The

Form

of G

over

nmen

t

IV. C

oncl

usio

n

Rea

sons

to lo

ok a

t Tha

iland

The

broa

d pi

ctur

e

�So

mew

hat c

ompa

rabl

e in

si

ze a

nd p

opul

atio

n�

Cou

ntry

with

sim

ilar

soci

o-ec

onom

ic

cond

ition

s in

the

1960

s an

d ye

t ver

y di

ffere

nt

outc

omes

forty

yea

rs

late

r�

Cas

e of

a p

arlia

men

tary

sy

stem

refo

rm

Rea

sons

to lo

ok a

t Tha

iland

: Th

e G

over

nanc

e C

ompo

nent

In c

ontra

st to

the

cons

titut

iona

l dra

fting

in 1

987,

the

curre

nt C

ha-C

ha d

ebat

e is

abo

ut im

prov

ing

gove

rnan

ce, s

peci

fical

ly a

bout

:

�In

crea

sing

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

the

polit

ical

sys

tem

�En

hanc

ing

the

stab

ility

of th

e in

stitu

tiona

l env

ironm

ent

�St

reng

then

ing

good

gov

erna

nce,

ser

vice

del

iver

y an

d co

mpe

titiv

enes

s�

Incr

easi

ng th

e ro

le o

f the

loca

l (an

d po

tent

ially

) fed

eral

leve

l�

Whi

le m

aint

aini

ng th

e pr

otec

tion

of in

divi

dual

and

civ

il rig

hts,

and

thro

ugh

the

Rul

e of

Law

The

Thai

con

stitu

tiona

l ref

orm

s w

ere

prec

isel

y gu

ided

by

thes

e co

ncer

ns �

so w

hat c

an w

e le

arn?

Thai

con

stitu

tiona

l-pol

itica

l his

tory

�Si

nce

1932

a c

onst

itutio

nal m

onar

chy

with

a b

icam

eral

pa

rliam

enta

ry s

truct

ure

of g

over

nmen

t gov

erni

ng a

uni

tary

st

ate

�H

isto

ry o

f wea

k an

d un

stab

le c

ivilia

n go

vern

men

ts, c

reat

ing

a vi

ciou

s cy

cle

of m

ilitar

y in

terv

entio

ns in

pol

itics

. As

a re

sult:

�

Popu

lar d

eman

d fo

r dem

ocra

cy w

as v

iole

ntly

sup

pres

sed

by m

ilitar

y in

197

3, 1

976

and

1992

; �

Con

stitu

tion-

mak

ing

has

ofte

n be

en m

isus

ed a

s a

tool

for

givi

ng le

gitim

acy

to th

e au

thor

itaria

n re

gim

e in

pow

er�

15 c

onst

itutio

ns a

lone

wer

e dr

afte

d be

twee

n 19

32 a

nd

1997

, mos

t of t

hem

lack

ing

any

dem

ocra

tic p

roce

ss,

mak

ing

Thai

land

the

coun

try w

ith th

e m

ost c

onst

itutio

ns in

th

e re

gion

Hen

ce, k

ey q

uest

ions

to b

e ad

dres

sed

by th

e co

nstit

utio

nal d

rafte

rs w

ere�

�H

ow c

an w

e m

ake

the

polit

ical

sys

tem

mor

e st

able

and

mor

e ef

ficie

nt?

�H

ow c

an w

e in

crea

se a

ccou

ntab

ility,

pa

rtici

patio

n an

d tra

nspa

renc

y in

pro

cess

of

gove

rnan

ce?

�H

ow c

an w

e cu

rb c

orru

ptio

n am

ong

polit

ical

and

bu

reau

crat

ic a

ctor

s?�

How

can

we

brin

g se

rvic

es c

lose

r to

the

peop

le?

Con

stitu

tiona

l ref

orm

was

see

n as

a �

tool

� fo

r wid

er p

oliti

cal-a

dmin

istr

ativ

e re

form

s

Gui

ding

Ass

umpt

ions

1.�T

he p

roce

ssof

dra

fting

mat

ters

as

muc

h as

the

cons

titut

iona

l ou

tcom

e�2.

�Ins

titut

iona

l arr

ange

men

tsm

atte

r, be

caus

e th

ey g

ive

ince

ntiv

es/

disi

ncen

tives

to a

ctor

s an

d th

eref

ore

shap

e th

eir b

ehav

ior i

n th

e fu

ture

�Th

eref

ore,

we

need

to lo

ok a

t pr

oces

s an

d ou

tcom

e of

the

cons

titut

iona

l ref

orm

exe

rcis

e

I. Th

e Pr

oces

s

The

Proc

ess:

The

bac

kgro

und

�Pu

sh fo

r con

stitu

tiona

l am

endm

ents

sta

rted

with

the

popu

lar

dem

ocra

cy m

ovem

ent i

n 19

92;

�H

owev

er, t

he a

men

dmen

t pro

cess

left

to p

arlia

men

t was

pe

rcei

ved

as u

nsat

isfa

ctor

y by

the

publ

ic;

�As

a re

sult,

civ

il so

ciet

y pu

shed

par

liam

enta

ry a

ctor

s to

ag

ree

on a

n am

endm

ent t

hat w

ould

allo

w fo

r the

co

nstit

uenc

y of

a C

onst

itutio

nal D

rafti

ng A

ssem

bly

(CD

A);

�Th

e C

DA

wou

ld b

e in

depe

nden

t fro

m p

arlia

men

t; m

ost o

f its

m

embe

rs w

ould

be

popu

larly

ele

cted

and

cur

rent

MPs

wou

ld

not b

e al

low

ed to

run

for t

he s

eats

of t

he C

DA;

�O

nce

the

CD

A ha

s pr

oduc

ed a

dra

ft w

ithin

240

day

s,

parli

amen

t can

mak

e no

cha

nges

to it

, but

is le

ft w

ith

acce

ptin

g or

reje

ctin

g th

e en

tire

docu

men

t; �

In c

ase

of a

reje

ctio

n, a

pub

lic re

fere

ndum

will

be h

eld

Que

stio

n: H

ow to

sel

ect t

he d

rafte

rs?

The

Proc

ess:

Sel

ectin

g th

e D

rafte

rs

99 D

rafte

rs

in th

e C

DA

Parli

amen

t sel

ects

can

dida

tes

out o

f sug

gest

ed s

hortl

ists

Uni

vers

ities

pre

sent

sho

rtlis

t of

�Exp

erts

� in

Law

, Pol

itica

l Sc

ienc

e an

d R

elat

ed D

isci

plin

es

Prov

inci

al E

lect

ions

of

cand

idat

es, c

reat

ing

a sh

ortli

st o

f th

e 10

top

cand

idat

es

2376

(one

per

pro

vinc

e)

The

Proc

ess:

Org

aniz

ing

the

Dra

fting

�Ti

ght t

ime

fram

e: 2

40 d

ays

for d

rafti

ng; n

o po

ssib

ility

for e

xten

sion

(fix

ed a

gend

a)�

Com

mitt

ee S

truct

ure

to fa

cilit

ate

the

draf

ting

�D

rafti

ng S

ub-C

omm

ittee

(lat

er s

crut

iny

com

mitt

ee)

�Pu

blic

Rel

atio

ns S

ub-C

omm

ittee

�Pr

ovin

cial

Pub

lic H

earin

g Su

b-C

omm

ittee

�Ac

adem

ic S

ub-C

omm

ittee

�Th

e ar

chiv

e an

d ho

use

affa

ires

com

mitt

ee�

Thre

e re

adin

gs a

nd v

ote

by th

e si

mpl

e m

ajor

ity�

In p

aral

lel m

anne

r: pu

blic

con

sulta

tions

in th

e pr

ovin

ces,

que

stio

nnai

re re

sear

ch, l

ette

rs e

tc.,

fe

edin

g in

to th

e co

mm

ittee

wor

k

The

Proc

ess:

The

App

rova

l Pro

cedu

re�

The

final

dra

ft is

han

ded

over

to p

arlia

men

t whi

ch

coul

d no

t mod

ify th

e dr

aft b

ut o

nly

appr

ove

or

reje

ct th

e en

tire

docu

men

t;�

In c

ase

of re

ject

ion

thro

ugh

parli

amen

t, a

publ

ic

refe

rend

um w

ould

hav

e to

be

orga

nize

d;�

In c

ase

that

the

cons

titut

iona

l dra

ft is

app

rove

d by

pa

rliam

ent o

r ref

eren

dum

, con

stitu

tiona

l am

endm

ents

are

exc

lude

d fo

r 5 y

ears

�Con

stitu

tion

is o

verw

helm

ingl

y ap

prov

ed b

y pa

rliam

ent

and

prom

ulga

ted

in D

ecem

ber 1

997

�Yet

, in

prac

tice

supp

ort i

n pa

rliam

ent f

or th

e dr

aft

mus

t be

seen

as

the

resu

lt of

str

ong

civi

l soc

iety

pr

essu

re fo

r app

rovi

ng t

he c

onst

itutio

nal

docu

men

t (�g

reen

flag

mov

emen

t�)

II. T

he C

onte

nt

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

tent

:En

hanc

ing

Stab

ility

I: E

xec.

-Leg

isla

tive

Rel

atio

ns

�St

reng

then

ed ro

le o

f the

PM

�

MPs

can

not b

e ca

bine

t mem

ber a

nd v

ice

vers

a�

PM c

an d

isso

lve

parli

amen

t (an

d fre

sh e

lect

ions

mus

t be

held

with

in 6

0da

ys)

�D

isin

cent

ives

for p

arty

sw

itchi

ng�

Can

dida

tes

mus

t hav

e be

en m

embe

rs o

f the

pol

itica

l par

ty

unde

r whi

ch b

anne

r the

y in

tend

to ru

n fo

r at l

east

90

days

be

fore

regi

ster

ing

thei

r can

dida

cy�

In a

dditi

on M

Ps m

ust v

acat

e th

eir s

eats

whe

n le

avin

g th

e pa

rty u

nder

whi

ch th

ey w

ere

elec

ted

�

Lim

its to

the

vote

of n

o co

nfid

ence

/cen

sure

de

bate

�R

equi

rem

ent o

f con

stru

ctiv

e vo

te o

f no

conf

iden

ce�

Cen

sure

pro

cedu

re re

quire

s pa

ralle

l filin

g w

ith N

CC

C

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

tent

:En

hanc

ing

Stab

ility

II: E

lect

oral

Sys

tem

�20

0 Se

nato

rs a

re d

irect

ly e

lect

ed b

y pr

ovin

cial

co

nstit

uenc

ies

on a

non

-par

tisan

bas

is�

Out

of 5

00 M

Ps in

the

Low

er H

ouse

, 400

are

el

ecte

d by

plu

ralit

y el

ectio

n an

d 10

0 (2

5%) a

re

elec

ted

thro

ugh

a pa

rty

list s

yste

m�

The

syst

em o

f plu

ralit

y el

ectio

ns w

as c

hang

ed fr

om

mul

ti-m

embe

r to

sing

le m

embe

r con

stitu

enci

es, i

n or

der

to d

ecre

ase

fact

iona

lism

�Th

e ne

w P

R c

ompo

nent

opt

ed fo

r a c

lose

d pa

rty

list

syst

em�

5% m

inim

um th

resh

old

for p

oliti

cal p

artie

s�M

ajor

itaria

nco

mpo

nent

gen

erat

es s

trong

par

ties

�PR

com

pone

nt s

treng

then

s in

fluen

ce o

f par

ty

lead

ersh

ip o

ver c

andi

date

s an

d en

cour

ages

a

natio

nal,

prog

ram

mat

ic o

rient

atio

n of

par

ties

Rea

son

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

tent

: Im

prov

ing

Effic

ienc

y�

Exec

utiv

e B

ranc

h �

incr

ease

exe

cutiv

e po

wer

by:

�St

reng

then

ed ro

le o

f PM

vis

-à-v

is p

arlia

men

t (i.e

. dis

solu

tion

pow

er;

emer

genc

y de

cree

s) a

nd c

abin

et (i

.e. l

ose

MP

stat

us)

�C

abin

et li

mit

to a

max

imum

of 3

6 ca

bine

t pos

ition

s, fr

om fo

rmer

ly 4

8 (c

urre

ntly

20)

�Le

gisl

ativ

e br

anch

�in

crea

se la

w-m

akin

g fu

nctio

n by

:�

incr

easi

ng ti

me

for l

egis

lativ

e se

ssio

n to

240

day

s, o

f whi

ch 1

20 a

re

rese

rved

for d

elib

erat

ing

bills

dur

ing

the

legi

slat

ive

gene

ral d

ebat

e�

Stre

amlin

ed c

omm

ittee

stru

ctur

e�

Inst

itutio

naliz

ed R

esea

rch

Supp

ort (

i.e. K

PI)

�Ed

ucat

iona

l req

uire

men

ts fo

r MPs

(i.e

. Bac

helo

r Deg

ree)

�B

icam

eral

ism

�m

aint

aini

ng a

n as

ymm

etric

st

ruct

ure

�Th

e Lo

wer

Hou

se is

the

�man

ager

ial b

ody�

�

Sena

te is

the

nonp

artis

an �c

ontro

l bod

y� w

ith o

nly

limite

d ro

le in

the

la

w m

akin

g pr

oces

s

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

tent

: En

hanc

ing

Acco

unta

bilit

y I

�Se

para

tion

of p

ower

s�

Stre

ngth

enin

g th

e ju

dici

al b

ranc

h�

Sepa

ratio

n of

MP

and

Cab

inet

pos

ition

s�

Non

inte

rfere

nce

clau

se o

f MPs

in c

ivil

serv

ice

appo

intm

ents

�C

heck

s an

d ba

lanc

es�

Pow

er o

f Hou

se to

laun

ch v

ote

of n

o co

nfid

ence

vs.

dis

solu

tion

pow

er o

f PM

�Bi

cam

eral

ism

with

the

Sena

te a

s a

non-

parti

san

�con

trol�

orga

n� a

nd �g

atek

eepe

r��

Diff

eren

t ele

ctio

n cy

cle

and

term

s fo

r Low

er

Hou

se a

nd S

enat

e

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

tent

: En

hanc

ed A

ccou

ntab

ility

II�

Intr

oduc

tion

of n

ew o

r str

engt

hene

d ov

ersi

ght a

nd w

atch

dog

inst

itutio

ns:

HR

-C

omm

issi

onN

CC

C

Stat

e Au

dit

Com

mis

sion

Con

stitu

tiona

l Ad

min

istr

ativ

e C

ourt

Om

buds

man

Nat

iona

l El

ectio

n C

omm

issi

onG

over

nmen

t

The

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

tent

: Fi

ghtin

g C

orru

ptio

n &

Vot

e B

uyin

g�

Con

stitu

tion

equi

ps th

e ov

ersi

ght a

genc

ies

with

pow

erfu

l m

eans

to in

vest

igat

e, c

onst

rain

t and

pun

ish

offic

ehol

ders

�

The

Nat

iona

l Cou

nter

Cor

rupt

ion

Com

mis

sion

(NC

CC

) has

pow

er to

: �

Eval

uate

the

man

dato

ry a

sset

and

liab

ility

decl

arat

ions

that

cab

inet

mem

bers

m

ust f

ile u

pon

assu

min

g of

fice,

upo

n le

avin

g of

fice,

and

one

yea

r afte

rwar

ds

�C

onst

rain

t MPs

and

sen

ior b

urea

ucra

ts fr

om re

ceiv

ing

stat

e co

nces

sion

s an

d m

akes

min

iste

rs h

old

thei

r cor

pora

te s

tock

in b

lind

trust

s�

Inve

stig

ate

any

alle

gatio

ns o

f offi

cial

s� fi

nanc

ial i

mpr

oprie

ties

and

sin

case

that

a

cabi

net m

embe

r has

con

ceal

ed o

r fal

sifie

d in

form

atio

n, it

can

see

k to

bar

hi

m fr

om p

oliti

cal o

ffice

for a

per

iod

of fi

ve y

ears

�

The

Elec

tion

Com

mis

sion

(EC

) has

pow

er to

: �

Reg

ulat

epr

ivat

e an

d st

ate

supp

ort i

n th

e fo

rm o

f mon

ey a

nd o

ther

ass

ista

nce

to p

oliti

cal p

artie

san

d ha

s po

wer

�

To is

sue

�yel

low

� and

�red

� car

ds to

ele

ctor

al c

andi

date

s �

Con

stitu

tion

mak

es v

ote

buyi

ng e

xpan

sive

by

intr

oduc

ing:

�co

mpu

lsor

y vo

ting,

abs

ente

e vo

ting,

and

the

exte

nsio

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chis

e to

Th

ai c

itize

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sidi

ng in

fore

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tries

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l Con

tent

: En

hanc

ing

Peop

le�s

Par

ticip

atio

n�

The

Thai

peo

ple

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give

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e rig

ht to

hav

e pu

blic

he

arin

gs a

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vot

e in

a re

fere

ndum

�50

,000

peo

ple

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e to

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ve a

bill

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of t

he c

harte

r to

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itted

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e Pa

rliam

ent

�an

d to

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k fo

r an

impe

achm

ent o

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lic o

ffice

hol

ders

(i.e.

Pol

itici

ans

and

Seni

or S

tate

Offi

cial

s)�

Sim

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rovi

sion

s ap

ply

for t

he lo

cal g

over

nmen

ts�

New

Rig

ht to

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rmat

ion

Act

�M

anda

tory

par

ticip

atio

n in

nat

ural

reso

urce

m

anag

emen

t�

Dec

entra

lizat

ion

prov

isio

n

III. E

valu

atin

g th

e O

utco

me

Eval

uatin

g th

e O

utco

me:

Succ

ess

in Im

prov

ing

Gov

erna

nce

IW

B G

over

nanc

e In

dica

tors

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

1996

1998

2000

2002

Gov

ernm

ent

Effe

ctivi

ness

Polit

ical

Sta

bilit

y

Voic

e an

dAc

coun

tabi

lity

Eval

uatin

g th

e O

utco

me:

Succ

ess

in Im

prov

ing

Gov

erna

nce

II�

Econ

omic

and

pub

lic k

ey in

dica

tors

hav

e si

gnifi

cant

ly

impr

oved

�Su

stai

ned

GD

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owth

of 5

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flatio

n ra

te k

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ble

leve

l of 2

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ownw

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)�

Publ

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inan

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have

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ally

impr

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r 200

5, tw

o ye

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ahea

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tim

e�

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ovem

ents

in ta

x co

llect

ion

by n

early

20%

(dire

ct ta

xes)

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ebt s

ervi

ce ra

tio k

ept a

t 14%

�N

ew p

olic

y an

d re

form

focu

s of

the

gove

rnm

ent

�U

npre

cede

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gov

ernm

ent e

fforts

in la

unch

ing

pro-

poor

pol

icie

s as

par

t of

PM

Tha

ksin

�sde

clar

ed �w

ar o

n po

verty

��

Maj

or e

fforts

in la

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l ser

vice

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rms,

aim

ed a

t im

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good

go

vern

ance

of t

he c

ivil

serv

ice

1997

con

stitu

tion

clea

rly a

driv

er fo

r re

form

and

an

�ena

blin

g� e

nviro

nmen

t

Eval

uatin

g th

e O

utco

me

Prob

lem

Are

as�

The

stre

ngth

ened

role

of t

he P

M�

Has

put

s lim

itatio

ns o

n tra

nspa

renc

y an

d ac

coun

tabi

lity

(esp

ecia

lly w

hen

com

bine

d w

ith la

rge

maj

ority

for P

M in

pa

rliam

ent)

�Th

e ro

le o

f the

Sen

ate

rem

ains

unc

lear

�O

verly

idea

listic

(i.e

. dire

ctly

ele

cted

but

non

-par

tisan

; non

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litic

al n

omin

atio

n pr

oces

s)�

The

frag

ility

of t

he c

onst

itutio

nal o

vers

ight

ag

enci

es�

Inde

pend

ence

vs.

pol

itica

l int

erfe

renc

e an

d pr

essu

re�

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pers

iste

ncy

of c

orru

ptio

n�

Shift

from

dire

ct fo

rms

to m

ore

subt

le fo

rms

(i.e.

�pol

icy

corru

ptio

n�)

�N

ew te

nden

cy to

war

ds p

opul

ist p

olic

ies?

�Su

stai

nabi

lity

of th

e pr

o-po

or p

rogr

ams/

hous

ehol

d de

bt

IV. L

esso

ns &

Cho

ices

fo

r the

Phi

lippi

nes

The

need

for r

efor

m?

Phili

ppin

e G

over

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e Tr

ends

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erna

nce

Indi

cato

rs

-0,6

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-0,4

0

-0,2

0

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

1996

1998

2000

2002

Gov

ernm

ent

Effe

ctivi

ness

Pol

itica

l Sta

bilit

y

Voi

ce a

ndA

ccou

ntab

ility

Con

trol o

fC

orru

ptio

n

Less

on 1

: Th

e Im

port

ance

of P

roce

ss: T

rade

-Offs

Con

Ass

Con

Con

�Is

chea

per

�Allo

ws

to li

mit

disc

ussi

ons

to

amen

dmen

ts

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ht la

ck le

gitim

acy

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expa

nsiv

e

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ht o

pen

up

deba

tes

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entia

lly h

igh

legi

timac

y

How

muc

h pu

blic

pa

rtici

patio

n?

1) Y

ou c

an th

ink

outs

ide

the

box!

2) B

e aw

are

of th

e co

nseq

uenc

es o

f you

r cho

ice !

Thai

cas

e sh

ows

Less

on 2

:Fo

rm o

f Gov

ernm

ent:

Trad

e-of

fs

Pres

iden

tialis

mPa

rliam

enta

rism

�Fus

ion

of P

ower

�Im

porta

nce

of s

trong

par

ties

�Cre

ates

flex

ibilit

y an

d co

nsen

sus

orie

ntat

ion

�Sep

arat

ion

of P

ower

�Les

s de

pend

ence

on

stro

ng p

artie

s

�Mor

e rig

id a

nd m

ore

adve

rsar

ial

Thai

cas

e sh

ows

1) F

usio

n of

Pow

er n

eeds

to b

e co

unte

rbal

ance

d by

ho

rizon

tal a

genc

ies

of a

ccou

ntab

ility!

2) A

par

liam

enta

ry s

yste

m re

quire

s st

rong

par

ties

!

Less

on 3

:El

ecto

ral S

yste

m: T

rade

-offs

Prop

ortio

nal

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

(PR

)Pl

ural

ity E

lect

ions

(SB

)

�Ten

ds to

cre

ate

few

er b

ut

stro

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par

ties

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mos

t lik

ely

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le-p

arty

gov

ernm

ents

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phas

izes

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ticul

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tic

conc

erns

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ds to

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ate

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ulti-

party

sy

stem

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ost l

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aliti

onal

gov

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ents

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phas

izes

bro

ad

cons

titue

ncy

conc

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Thai

cas

e sh

ows

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ower

ful i

mpa

ct o

f ele

ctor

al e

ngin

eerin

g in

te

rms

of p

arty

sys

tem

, can

dida

te s

elec

tion

and

polic

y ou

tcom

es!

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clus

ion

Whe

re d

o yo

u w

ant t

o be

?

SB PR

Pres

iden

tial

Parli

amen

tary

1. D

imen

sion

: For

m o

f Gov

ernm

ent

USA

UK

LAW

este

rn

Euro

pe

2. D

imen

sion

:Uni

tary

vs.

Fed

eral

ism

Addi

tiona

l saf

egua

rd, y

et c

onst

itutio

nally

cha

lleng

ing

Philip

pine

sTh

aila

nd (1

997-

)

Thai

land

Con

clus

ion

Thre

e �G

olde

n R

ules

� fr

om a

Tha

i Dra

fter

1.�T

hose

who

are

to b

e re

form

ed c

anno

t ref

orm

them

selv

es.

Vest

ed in

tere

sts

and

an u

nwilli

ngne

ss to

dim

inis

h th

eir o

wn

basi

s of

pow

er p

reve

nt p

arlia

men

taria

ns fr

om m

akin

g si

gnifi

cant

cha

nges

to th

e po

litic

al s

yste

ms

that

gav

e ris

e to

th

em. T

hose

who

des

ign

polit

ical

refo

rms

mus

t com

e fro

m

outs

ide

the

halls

of p

oliti

cal p

ower

�2.

�The

succ

ess

of re

form

depe

nds

on te

chni

cals

uppo

rtfo

rth

edr

afte

rsan

d le

ader

ship

. Acc

urat

ein

form

atio

nis

need

edso

that

the

corre

ctpr

oble

ms

can

bead

dres

sed

and

so

prob

lem

s ca

nbe

addr

esse

dus

eful

ly; t

o th

isen

d, s

trong

stud

ies

of th

eex

istin

gpo

litic

alsy

stem

and

of a

ltern

ate

polit

ical

mod

els

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indi

spen

sabl

e�3.

�Fin

ally

, the

suc

cess

of r

efor

m d

epen

ds o

n ci

rcum

stan

ce.

Con

ditio

ns in

the

polit

y m

ust b

e rig

ht if

pol

itica

l ref

orm

is

goin

g to

pro

ceed

. Eve

n if

it is

too

muc

h to

hop

e th

at a

ll of

th

e ac

tors

will

be re

ady

to re

form

, a s

uffic

ient

num

ber o

f ac

tors

mus

t be

anxi

ous

enou

gh fo

r ref

orm

that

they

will

pres

s th

ose

that

are

relu

ctan

t to

purs

ue it

�

End