the photocatalytic paper with coating formulations · pdf filethe photocatalytic paper with...

THE PHOTOCATALYTIC PAPER WITH COATING FORMULATIONS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE

AND NATURAL ZEOLITEQi Li, Kelsey Lynne Dykstra, Paul D. Fleming III, Margaret K. Joyce, Dewei Qi and Pnina Ari-Gur

Paper Engineering, Chemical Engineering and ImagingCollege of Engineering and Applied School

Western Michigan University

Overview

�Introduction

�The purpose of this research

�Methodology

�Results and discussion

�Summary and Conclusions

�Questions

Introduction• Titanium Dioxide• White Pigments- It provides whiteness and opacity due to a very high

refractive index and bright white color.

- It has been used in the applications that require high opacity and brightness as coating.

• Photocatalysis- It can be used as a photocatalyst, as it is chemically

activated when exposed to light and can decompose organic gases.

- There are 3 crystal structures, anatase, brookite and rutile.

• Anatase, brookite and rutile

• Anatase has a higher surface area.

• It can be transformed to rutile by increasing the temperature.

Mechanism for Photocatalytic Activity• Photocatalytic activity (PCA) results from the

ability of a material to create an electron hole pair as a result of exposure to ultraviolet or visible radiation.

• The reactions that occur during photocatalytic activity are shown below.

Natural Zeolite• Zeolites are highly crystalline, hydrated

aluminosilicates, having a uniform pore structures.

Purpose of this study

• The purpose of this study is to determine the optical properties as a function of the ratio of TiO2 (Anatase/Rutile), Zeolite and coat weight.

• To compare the efficiency of decomposition of toluene for the different coatings.

Sample Anatase % Total TiO2 % Binder Coat weight gsm Base

1 80 75 S/B latex 6 Wood Free


3 83.3 75 S/B latex 6 Wood Free






9 100% 75 S/B latex 6 Wood Free




13 69.7 83.3 Polyco 6 Nippon

14 69.7 83.3 Polyco 8 Nippon

15 69.7 83.3 Acronal 6 Nippon

16 69.7 83.3 Acronal 8 Nippon

METHODOLOGY:Experimental Design:

Dry Parts

Anatase 60

Rutile 15

Zeolite 25

Latex (s/b) 10

Coating formulation:Example

1. 80% A 75% Ti (6gsm,8gsm)2. 83.3% A 75% Ti (6gsm,8gsm)3. 80% A 80% Ti (6gsm,8gsm)4. 83.3% 80% Ti (6gsm,8gsm)5. 100% A 75% Ti (6gsm,8gsm)6. 100% A 80% Ti (6gsm,8gsm)

• All the samples were coated using hand draw-downs.

• Optical properties were measured (Brightness, Gloss and opacity).

• All the data was analyzed using ANOVA, using MiniTab 15.

• The efficiency of UV light decomposition of toluene was measured.

• Optical properties of the samples

RESULTS AND DISSCUSIONS

Gas Chromatography:

Time (min) initialUV on

60 70 80 100 120 150 180 210 240

Residual (ppm) 73.1 71.3 70.1 67.40 63.3 60.7 54.5 53.9 53.1 50.7

SD deviation 0 2.3 2.8 0.37 5.1 6.2 4.3 6.5 4.0 2.4

240

210

180

150

120

1008070

uv on 60

initial(uv on)

75

70

65

60

55

50

timeave4151 MAPE 1.80542

MAD 1.06366

MSD 1.87876

Accuracy Measures

Actual

Fits

Variable

Trend Analysis Plot for ave4151Linear Trend Model

Yt = 76.85 - 2.73448*t

The percentage of the removal toluene is:100 %-{[Initial toluene-Ave residual toluene (240 mins)]/Initial toluene}%= 100%- 69.4%=30.6%

Time initialUV on

6070 80 100 120 150 180 210 240

residual (ppm)

73.096 74.8 67.4 71.0 65.6 44.7 42.1 44.3 44.2 42.3

SD deviation

0.006 3.4 4.3 8.6 7.3 5.2 7.3 10.7 7.1 8.7

240

210

180

150

120

1008070

uv on 60

initial(uv on)

80

70

60

50

40

time

4141

MAPE 9.2640

MAD 4.7926

MSD 32.1868

Accuracy Measures

Actual

Fits

Variable

Trend Analysis Plot for 4141Linear Trend Model

Yt = 80.77 - 4.33137*t

The percentage of the removal toluene is:100 %-{[Initial toluene-Ave residual toluene (240 mins)]/Initial toluene}%= 100%-57.84%=42.16%

Time initialUV on

6070 80 100 120 150 180 210 240

residual(ppm)

73.1 72.7 63.7 63.8 56.8 40.2 37.0 37.5 33.8 31.5

SD deviation

0.4 5.0 9.0 5.7 13.7 11.5 11.3 6.1 3.9 3.7

240

210

180

150

120

1008070

uv on 60

initial(uv on)

80

70

60

50

40

30

time3141

MAPE 7.5843

MAD 3.3567

MSD 17.1512

Accuracy Measures

Actual

Fits

Variable


Yt = 80.16 - 5.30044*t


Time initialUV on

6070 80 100 120 150 180 210 240

residual(ppm)

72.6 70.5 66.5 64.4 56.4 54.1 50.5 45.4 46.5 41.6

SD deviation

0.7 3.7 1.4 3.4 4.3 6.5 9.3 16.7 8.5 8.0

240

210

180

150

120

1008070

uv on 60

initial(uv on)

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

time10031

MAPE 2.67126

MAD 1.41212

MSD 2.55991

A ccuracy Measures

A ctual

F its

Variable


Yt = 76.75 - 3.62001*t


Time initialUV on

6070 80 100 120 150 180 210 240

Residual(ppm)

73.0 67.2 62.8 54.7 47.9 50.0 46.6 32.3 19.0 11.7

SD deviation

0.1 3.7 1.6 11.3 8.9 2.6 2.8 3.9 1.7 1.3

240

210

180

150

120

1008070

uv on 60

initial(uv on)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

time10041

MAPE 12.8541

MAD 3.6905

MSD 21.6581

A ccuracy Measures

A ctual

F its

Variable


Yt = 82.01 - 6.44992*t


Time initialUV on

6070 80 100 120 150 180 210 240

Residual(ppm)

73.1 71.18 68.1 66.5 65.2 61.9 57.0 55.9 55.1 52.8

SD deviation

0 0.79 1.2 3.8 3.6 5.2 3.9 4.3 5.0 6.5

240

210

180

150

120

1008070

uv on 60

initial(uv on)

75

70

65

60

55

50

time3151

MAPE 1.23625

MAD 0.73492

MSD 0.88114

A ccuracy Measures

A ctual

F its

Variable


Yt = 75.607 - 2.35175*t


�Sample 11 was the most efficient in decomposing toluene.

�Samples 7 and 11 decomposed toluene faster.

�The three samples of Nippon paper tended to give similar values.

7519113Wood Free BasePolyco Base13Acronal Base15Nippon

Conclusions

• For the optical properties, opacity was tested and samples 11 & 12 (100% Anatase, 80% TiO2) has higher opacity than that achieved by the others.

• Brightness was tested and samples 7 & 8 (83.3 % Anatase, 80% TiO2) was significantly better than that achieved by the others.

• Samples 5 & 6 (80% Anatase, 80% TiO2) had significantly higher gloss than the other samples.

• Sample 11 (100% Anatase with 80% TiO2) had the highest efficiency.

QUESTIONS?

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