the physics of the universe

The Physics of the

UniverseMatter Matters:

Thermodynamics, Energy, & Matter

1The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com

http://www.theluluchronicles.com/

• Heat - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat• Temperature - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

• Energy - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy• Pressure - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure• Volume - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume• Entropy - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

• Thermal + Dynamics• The physics of heat (energy)

Components

Thermodynamics


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy


What is Heat?System 1 System 2

Heat Energy Transferred

High Energy Density

Low Energy Density

Systems Contain a form of Energy, NOT HEAT

HEAT is what is transferred from Higher to Lower Energy System



Fundamental Laws

of Thermodynamics



0th Law

If A = B& B = CThen A

= C



8

- Heat is a form of energy

- Energy is conserved (It stays in the

system)

1st Law

The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com


9

Entropy measures how

randomly Energy is

scattered all over a system

In a closed environment, Total Entropy

can’t decrease

2nd Law



10

3rd LawWhen

Temperature (T) Kelvin = 0, Entropy = 0

T= 0 is unobtainable

(Beyond frozen point with no energy for

movement)The Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com


11

Phase Changes



12

What is a Phase Change?

• Small Amount of Energy enters substance (system)

• Temperature remains same

• Entropy increased (more disorder, less symmetry)

• Elements of matter are totally rearranged



14

Phase ChangesThrough the

Creation of theUniverse



17

Temperature is Proportional to the Collision Energy of Particles

Fast = Hot

Slow = ColdThe Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com


18

E = mc2

“In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that

the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content.

In this concept, mass is a property of all energy, and energy is a

property of all mass, and the two properties are connected by a

constant.

This means (for example) that the total internal energy E of a body at

rest is equal to the product of its rest mass m and a

suitable conversion factor to transform from units of

mass to units of energy.” – Wikipedia



19

• Energy is converted

into particle-

antiparticle pairs.

• The early universe

was full of particles

and radiation

because of its high

temperature



20

4 Forces of the Universe

•Strong Force•Weak Force

• Electromagnetic Force

•GravityThe Physics of the Universe - www.TheLuluChronicles.com


26

Beginning: amounts of matter and

antimatter nearly equal (roughly 1 extra proton for

every 109 proton–antiproton pairs!)

End: matter and antimatter

annihilate leaving 10-7% matter.



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Era of Nucleosynthesis“Regular” Nuclear

reactions beginNuclei fuse making

about 1 in 12 Helium nucleiThe Physics of the Universe -

www.TheLuluChronicles.com
