ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Requirements definition Preliminary plans formulation Impact assessment Evaluation and trade-off Test against the do-nothing alternative Use of stepped impact matrices or impact trees (impact trees are networks with primary impact branching at the first node and secondary or dependent impacts at the next and subsequent node. Formulation of interdependence of impact

Ecological Considerations in Port and Operation

1. Disturbances in water motion (surface and subsurface), as well as the resultant effects on sediment flow, siltation, underwater, and shore erosion.

2. Changes in submarine bottom structure and effects of structural invasion, permanent or temporary, by dredging, reclamation, and the like

3. Resulting ecological changes and disturbances of fish, shellfish, and other marine life.

4. Oil spills through surface floating, flexible riser, mechanically supported, or submarine pipelines.

5. Vessel collision, grounding, leakage, or waste disposal spills. 6. Tank vessel leakage, rupture, overflow, or similar spills. 7. Air pollution caused by effluents such as combustion, venting

cargo gases, and bulk loading operations. 8. Interference with recreational, fishing, and other industrial use of

the sea as well as nearby shore. 9. Aesthetic interference

Ecological Considerations in Port and Operation

10. Regularly occurring operational, spills during disconnect operations.

11. Above subsurface noise and vibrations during construction and operation of facility.

12. Effects on land use of terminal interface, particularly the pipe, conveyor, hose, and/or shore connection.

13. Effects of vessel movement, maneuvering, and anchoring pattern on marine biology; conflicting use of sea and coastal zone.

14. Effect of filling operations on benthic organisms that are located at the site

Disruptive effects at source location of foundation and ditch excavations, as well as bottom sand and gravel removal.

15. Environmental disturbances caused by caused by construction or separate port facilities and structures.

16.Relocation of fish and other marine life distribution causing undue concentrations often near the structure while depleting marine life in nearby locations with resulting imbalance

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS

1. Local physical conditions such as currents, water, depth, wind,

wind and current direction, salinity, waves, solids in suspension,

seabed or inlet formation, air/water temperatures, and the like.

2. Chemical and physical properties as well as the form or

cargoes handled .

3. Configuration of port facilities

4. Rate of emission, propagation, or intensity of ecological factors

such as pollutants, sediment movement, and so on.

5. Methods of cargo handling, transfer, and storage

6. Interface and feeder technology

7. Operational policies

8. Social environment

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS

1. Surface Effects Surface tension effect on wave motion and two-phase interphase, including effect on

oxygen content of subsurface water. Effect on surfacing or surface using marine and bird life (clinging to wings, causing death of

seabirds by drowning and poisoning, and the like. Corrosion effects on surface piercing and floating structures Coatings of shore and floating bodies Aesthetic Effects on near-shore aquaculture Effects on hydrodynamics (water motion, waves and so on) 2. Above Surface Effects Air pollution and odor resulting from volatility, flammability, toxicity, and corrosiveness of

resulting gases. Corrosion effects on above surface (solid or floating) structures Fire hazards from volatile gases and flammability of lighter petroleum components. 3. Surface Effects Corrosive effect on submerged structure Salutive and coagulating effects, especially of hydrocarbons and soluble impurities, which

affect the water chemistry Effect on subsurface water motion resulting from change in viscosity, surface tension, and

the like

SECONDARY BUILDUP AND SOCIETAL FACTORS

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PORT DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Free Port Benefits

1.Large infrastructure and other investment

2.Technology transfer

3.Employment and jobs

4.Added port and transport revenues or transport

cost saving.

5.Foreign exchange earnings as investments,

salaries and port or transport are paid in foreign

exchange

6.Revenues from entrepot and transshipment trade

are otherwise attract

MAJOR FREE PORT INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES 1. Electrical assembly and manufacturing 2. Electronic assembly and manufacturing 3. Computer assembly and manufacturing 4. Instrument assembly and manufacturing 5. Signals assembly and manufacturing 6. Communications equipment assembly and manufacturing 7. Toy assembly and manufacturing 8. Shoe and leather goods manufacture 9. Clothing manufacture 10.Gas and diesel engine manufacture 11.Pharmaceutical manufacture 12.Cosmetic manufacture 13.Utensils manufacture 14.Fire mechanics and medical engineering manufacture 15.Container manufacture 16.Packaging and packaging material manufacture

MAJOR FREE PORT INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

17. Plastics goods manufacture

18. Printing manufacture

19. Office machinery manufacture

20. Cameras and optical equipment manufacture

21. Musical instrument

22.Bicycles and motorcycle manufacture

23.Textile manufacture

24.Special chemicals manufacture

25.Automotive parts manufacture

26.Process equipment manufacture

27.Tool machinery manufacture

28.Navigational equipment and aids manufacture

29.Detection equipment manufacture

30.Other

USES OF FREE PORT ZONES

The types of industries located in free port zones usually engage in :

1. Labour-intensive manufacture

2. Assembly and/or packaging of goods

3. Manufacture of goods requiring inputs from a variety of distant

locations.

Typical Plants are:

• Electrical and electronic assembly

• Crane, earth-moving, materials-handling equipment

• Food processing

• Pleasure boat building

• Recreational (sports) equipment manufacture

• Marine survey equipment

• Furniture and wood product manufacture

• Clothing manufacture

• Domestic appliances manufacture

• Container and trailer manufacture.

TYPES OF FREE ZONES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

1. Free Trade Zones (FTZ). Defined area, in or near a port, where unrestricted trade is permitted, free of customs duty. Activities include storage, packaging, inspection and so on.

2. Industrial Free Zones (IFZ). Area or industrial estates outside customs barrier adjacent or near a port, which offer duty free movement of goods, in and out of zone, as well as fiscal, regulatory, and tax incentives. Usually used to encourage establishment of export industries by domestic and foreign investors.

3. Free Ports (FP). Port facilities and infrastructure, including warehousing, industrial plants, and various support facilities that are included in a custom free port. Free ports allow import/export of goods free of duty and sometimes taxes, provide users/investors/operators fiscal, investment, and regulatory incentives. Similarly, banking trade barriers and employment rules are also relaxed within the free port.

4. Enterprise Zones (EZ). In these zones various incentives such as reduced taxes, regulations, and low-cost financing of investments, land, and the like are offered to expand employment, export, and import subsitution.

Economic Contribution of Free Ports: Free Industrial Zones

1. Employment generation, direct and indirect. Total employment generated usually exceeds direct employment by a factor.

2. Foreign exchange earnings, as an added value in usually of export goods. 3. Increase in export competitiveness 4. Increase in utilization of domestic resources, services and capital for

export generation. 5. Increase in potential for technology transfer 6. Increase in foreign capital investment 7. Training of domestic labor in new skills 8. Transfer of management know-how. 9. Development of marketing/sales opportunities for free zone and

domestically manufactured products 10. Increase in entrepot/transshipment trade. 11. Increased banking business.