THE PORTUGUESE

EMPIREJean Lowry

50607

HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Portugal's name derives from the

Roman name Portus Cale Cale was the name of an early

settlement located at the mouth of the Douro River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean in the north of what is now Portugal

The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula

The Roman conquest of what is now part of modern day Portugal took several decades: it started from the south, where the Romans found friendly natives, the Conii

They bribed Viriathus's ambassador to kill his own leader

Viriathus was assassinated, and the resistance was soon over

In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province

HISTORY OF PORTUGAL In the early 5th century, Germanic

tribes invaded the peninsula, namely the Suevi, the Vandals and their allies, the Sarmatian Alans

In 868, Count Vimara Peres reconquered and governed the region between the rivers Minho and Douro

In 1095, Portugal separated almost completely from the Kingdom of Galicia

During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a leading European power, ranking with England, France and Spain in terms of economic, political, and cultural influence

July 25, 1415 marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire

A remarkable achievement was the turning of the Cape of Good Hope by Bartolomeu Dias in 1487

HISTORY OF PORTUGAL The richness of India was now

accessible The real goal of the expedition

was to open sea trade to the empires of the east

The Portuguese became the first civilization to fully start the process we know today as globalization

A republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with reduced presidential powers and two chambers of parliament

It was during this restoration of the ‘old’ republic that an attempted reform was carried out in order to provide the regime with greater stability

The "Carnation Revolution" of 1974, an effectively bloodless left-wing military coup, installed the "Third Republic".

PORTUGUESE EMPIRE The Portuguese Empire was the first

global empire in history It was the longest-lived of the modern

European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries

Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal became the junior partner to Spain in the union of the two countries' crowns

Significant losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia during the 17th century brought an end to the Portuguese trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean

The origins of the Portuguese Empire, and of Portugal itself, lay in the reconquista: the gradual Christian reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from the Moors

Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean (1497–1542)

In 1505, Portuguese traders reached Ceylon

PORTUGUESE EMPIRE In April 1511 Albuquerque sailed

to Malacca in Malaysia, the most important east point in the trade network where Malay met Gujarati, Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Bengali, Persian and Arabic traders, among others, described by Tomé Pires as of invaluable richness

The Portuguese empire expanded into the Persian Gulf as Portugal contested control of the spice trade with the Ottoman Empire

The Portuguese explorer Simão de Andrade started bad relations with China, due to his pirate activities, raiding Chinese shipping, attacking a Chinese official and kidnappings of Chinese

Since the 16th century Chinese slaves existed in Portugal, most of them were Chinese children and a large amount were shipped to the Indies

PORTUGUESE EMPIRE In 1534, promoting settlement to

overcome the need to defend the territory, John III organized the colonization of Brazil through land grants

In 1580, King Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal after a crisis of succession brought about by King Sebastian of Portugal's death during a disastrous Portuguese Ksar El Kebir attack on Morocco in 1578

The Dutch–Portuguese War began with an attack on São Tomé and Príncipe in 1597 and lasted until 1663

At the end of confrontations with the Dutch, Portugal was able to cling onto Goa and several minor bases in India, and managed to regain territories in Brazil and Africa, but lost forever to prominence in Asia as trade was diverted through increasing numbers of English, Dutch and French trading posts

COLONIAL BRAZIL Colonial Brazil comprises the period

from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until1815, when Brazil was elevated to United Kingdom with Portugal

Portugal and Spain, pioneered the European discovery of sea routes that were the first channels of interaction between all of the World's continents, thus beginning the process of globalization

On April 22, 1500, during the reign of King Manuel I, a fleet led by navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil and took possession of the land in the name of the king

In this early stage of the colonization of Brazil, and also later, the Portuguese frequently relied on the help of European adventurers who lived together with the aborigines and knew their languages and culture

At first, Brazil was set up as fifteen private, hereditary captaincies

COLONIAL BRAZIL The costs were transferred to

private hands, saving the Portuguese crown from the high costs of colonization

The failure of most captaincies was related to the resistance of the indigenous peoples, shipwrecks and internal disputes between the colonizers

With the failure of most captaincies and the menacing presence of French ships in the Brazilian coast, the government of King John III decided to turn the colonization of Brazil back into a royal enterprise

The huge size of Brazil led to the colony being divided into two Estados (states) after 1621, when King Philip II created the Estado do Brasil, the most important colony with Salvador as capital, and the Estado do Maranhão, with capital in São Luís

COLONIAL BRAZIL Since the initial attempts to find

gold and silver failed, the Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods that were to be exported to Europe

The period of sugar-based economy (1530-c.1700) is known as the "Sugarcane Cycle" in Brazilian history

Inland expeditions led to westward expansion of the frontiers of colonial Brazil, beyond the limits established by the Treaty of Tordesillas

The discovery of gold was met with great enthusiasm by Portugal, which had an economy in disarray following years of wars against Spain and the Netherlands

The conflicts over the Southern colonial frontiers led to the signing of the Treaty of Madrid (1750), in which Spain and Portugal agreed to a considerable Southwestward expansion of colonial Brazil

SOURCES History of Portugal PDF The Portuguese Empire PDF Colonial Brazil PDF