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Theoretical Framework Biogas yield is based on previous research results of 131 m 3 of biogas per ton of fresh coffee pulp (Gautho et al). The estimated methane percentage of the biogas is set at 65%. Most AD plants with a thermophilic CSTR are designed to have a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 days (Stafford). The digested solid fertilizer value is set at $50 per ton (this and all following values are in US Dollars), at 50% moisture, the price of composted coffee pulp in Huatusco. The digested liquid fertilizer contains 0.68 kg of nitrogen/m 3 . Therefore, its value is based on $1.02/kg nitrogen, the current price for urea nitrogen. The biogas price is based on methane (CH 4 ) content. Methane gas is valued at $10/MM BTU, the projected average price for Huatusco (Pemex Gas). Conclusions The model proves economically feasible at the conditions studied. After year 10, AD- CWS will start making a profit. AD-CWS will not only eliminate coffee processing waste discharge into waterways, but because of its location in a well developed agricultural area, if will also generate revenue through fertilizer and methane sales. By minimally processing the biogas and using it as a fuel to dry coffee beans, the model is economically feasible. While the possibility to generate electricity from biogas exists, generator capitol cost and grid accessibility make this a less attractive option. At this time, further studies are needed to verify the biogas yield from coffee pulp at thermophilic temperatures (above 55°C) in order to properly forecast revenues. Enforcement of environmental laws in Mexico will result in fines to the coffee industry for discharging coffee waste into waterways, increasing coffee processing operating costs. AD-CWS can help the coffee industry comply with environmen- tal regulations and avoid fines. Results and Discussion AD-CWS is designed to have a working life of 15 years, 2 years for construction and set- up, then the 3 rd year the plant will start operating (figure 2). The economic analysis of building the AD-CWS yielded a capital cost of $ 0.97 million (this and all following values are in US Dollars), and yearly operating cost of $0.28 million. Capital cost payback is 10.3 years. After year 2, revenue expects to be $ 0.78 million a year. The rate of return of the whole project is 14%. The most significant finding is that AD-CWS not only provides revenue to the coffee plant by producing methane and fertilizer, but also eliminates the need to dispose of wastewa- ter and compost coffee pulp, both of which contribute to water pollution. The success of AD it in its ability to sell solid and liquid discharge as fertilizer. Huatusco has the benefit of being located in an agricultural area, with a well-developed fertilizer market and proximity to crops, diminishing transportation costs. In many other regions where AD has been proposed, liquid discharge as fertilizer can not be developed due to high transportation costs. The economic model charges a fee of $0.05/kg of coffee waste. This represents only 3% of the coffee processing cost. However, when the Mexican government begins fining the coffee industry for coffee waste discharge, AD technology –like the proposed AD-CWS- will become even more attractive. Abstract The aim of this study is to theoretically evaluate an anaerobic digestion system for coffee waste. •The first objective of the study is to determine the design feasibil- ity of an Anaerobic Digestion (AD) plant system to treat coffee waste from Solidaridad Cafetalera, a coffee processing plant in Huatusco, Veracruz State, Mexico, called AD-Coffee Waste System (AD-CWS). •The second objective is to build an economic model for AD-CWS in Huatusco. The AD’s effluents will be marketable fertilizer and the bio- gas will be sold to dry coffee beans and for domestic use. Through theoretical framework, AD-CWS will produce 131 m 3 of biogas per ton of fresh coffee pulp (Gautho et al). AD-CWS produces 3,010 m 3 /day of biogas, 1.58 t/day db of solid fertilizer and 104.45 m 3 /day of liquid fertilizer. The economic model shows revenue starting the 7th year of operation with a total rate of return of 14%. Based on this data, AD-CWS is a good option to treat coffee waste for Solidarida Cafetelera in Huatusco. Acknowledgements This research was made possible thanks to the support of Dr Li, director of OU International Development Studies, and Dr Botte and Dr Paxton members of my thesis committee, Professor Salvador D�az C�rdenas at Salvador D�az C�rdenas at Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, in Huatusco. I am also grateful n Huatusco. I am also grateful for the support from Dr. Teodoro Espinosa Solares from Teodoro Espinosa Solares from Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, and West Virginia State University visiting professor, and and West Virginia State University visiting professor, and John Bombardiere, West Virginia State Bioplex Project assistant manager. Special aknowledgement to the members of Unión Regional de Pequeños Productores de Café, Agropecuaria, Forestal y de la Agroindustria de Huatusco, (UR) who are the owners and workers at he owners and workers at Solidaridad Cafetalera in Huatusco, Mexico References Castillo, M., H. Baily, P. Violle, P. Pommares, and B. Sallee. 1993. Coffee wastewater treatment in the Coatepec river basin, Veracruz, Mexico. Turrialba 43, (2) (October 18): 143-150. Gautho, B., P. Rantala, and R. Maatta. 1991. Coffee industry wastes. Water Science andTechnology 24, (1): 53-60. International Coffee Organization (ICO). Trade statistics. London, England, 2006 [cited January/17 2006]. Available from http://www.ico.org/ trade_statistics.asp. Pandey,A., C. R. Soccol, P. Nigam, D. Brand, R. Mohan, and S. Roussos. 2000. Biotechnological potential of coffee pulp and coffee husk for biopro- cesses. Biochemical Engineering Journal 6, (2) (Oct 1): 153-162. Pemex Gas. History natural gas prices Mexico, 2006 [cited April / 20 2006]. Available from http://www.gas.pemex.com/PEMEX_Gas Stafford, D. A., Rex Horton, and Dennis L. Hawkes. 1980. Methane production from waste organic matter. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Introduction Coffee is an important crop in developing countries. In 2004, 6,985,680 tons of coffee beans were produced worldwide (ICO). However, coffee producing countries face serious problems in dispos- ing of coffee processing waste. 2 million tons of coffee waste is gen- erated yearly (Pandey et al). In 2004, Mexico produced 232,020 tons of coffee beans, and was the 7 th leading worldwide coffee producer (ICO). Mexico’s coffee industry generates 13.2 million m 3 of waste- water, equivalent to the sewage of a city of 5.6 million inhabitants (Castillo et al). Anaerobic Digestion (AD) technology is worth evaluating as an alternative coffee waste disposal solution. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of using AD to treat coffee waste, by proposing a system that uses the coffee waste to generate biogas and fertilizer, called AD-Coffee Waste System (AD-CWS). AD-CWS is based upon Solidaridad Cafetalera, a coffee processing plant in Huatusco, Veracruz State, Mexico. The AD-CWS is based on a medi- um size coffee plant, processing 45 tons of coffee cherries a day. The AD will run 100 days, during the harvest period, from September to March. AD-CWS uses a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) at thermophilic conditions (above 55°C). Theoretically, AD-CWS will pro- cess 22.98 tons of coffee pulp, 3.54 ton of mucilage and 73.62 m 3 of wastewater per day (figure 1). The Potential of Anaerobic Digestion Technology to Treat Coffee Waste in Huatusco, Mexico Ysabel Bombardiere 1 , Dr. Gerardine Botte 2 , Dr. Julia Paxton 3 , Dr. Jieli Li 4 1 MAIA, Development Studies, 2 Chemical Engineering, 3 Economics, 4 Sociology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio Coffee Cherries Coffee Plantation Ripe Coffee Cherries Pico Orizaba near Huatusco Location of Huatusco

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Page 1: The Potential of Anaerobic Digestion Technology to Treat ......Mexico’s coffee industry generates 13.2 million m3 of waste-water, equivalent to the sewage ofa city 5.6 million inhabitants

Theoretical Framework Biogasyieldisbasedonpreviousresearchresultsof131m3ofbiogaspertonoffreshcoffeepulp(Gauthoetal).Theestimatedmethanepercentageofthebiogasissetat65%.MostADplantswithathermophilicCSTRaredesignedtohaveahydraulicretentiontime(HRT)of10days(Stafford).Thedigestedsolidfertilizervalueissetat$50perton(thisandallfollowingvaluesareinUSDollars),at50%moisture,thepriceofcompostedcoffeepulpinHuatusco.Thedigestedliquidfertilizercontains0.68kgofnitrogen/m3.Therefore,itsvalueisbasedon$1.02/kgnitrogen,thecurrentpriceforureanitrogen.Thebiogaspriceisbasedonmethane(CH4)content.Methanegasisvaluedat$10/MMBTU,theprojectedaveragepriceforHuatusco(PemexGas).

Conclusions Themodelproveseconomicallyfeasibleattheconditionsstudied.Afteryear10,AD-CWSwillstartmakingaprofit.AD-CWSwillnotonlyeliminatecoffeeprocessingwastedischargeintowaterways,butbecauseofitslocationinawelldevelopedagriculturalarea,ifwillalsogeneraterevenuethroughfertilizerandmethanesales.Byminimallyprocessingthebiogasandusingitasafueltodrycoffeebeans,themodeliseconomicallyfeasible.Whilethepossibilitytogenerateelectricityfrombiogasexists,generatorcapitolcostandgridaccessibilitymakethisalessattractiveoption.Atthistime,furtherstudiesareneededtoverifythebiogasyieldfromcoffeepulpatthermophilictemperatures(above55°C)inordertoproperlyforecastrevenues.EnforcementofenvironmentallawsinMexicowillresultinfinestothecoffeeindustryfordischargingcoffeewasteintowaterways,increasingcoffeeprocessingoperatingcosts.AD-CWScanhelpthecoffeeindustrycomplywithenvironmen-talregulationsandavoidfines.

Results and Discussion

AD-CWSisdesignedtohaveaworkinglifeof15years,2yearsforconstructionandset-up,thenthe3rdyeartheplantwillstartoperating(figure2).TheeconomicanalysisofbuildingtheAD-CWSyieldedacapitalcostof$0.97million(thisandallfollowingvaluesareinUSDollars),andyearlyoperatingcostof$0.28million.Capitalcostpaybackis10.3years.Afteryear2,revenueexpectstobe$0.78millionayear.Therateofreturnofthewholeprojectis14%.ThemostsignificantfindingisthatAD-CWSnotonlyprovidesrevenuetothecoffeeplantbyproducingmethaneandfertilizer,butalsoeliminatestheneedtodisposeofwastewa-terandcompostcoffeepulp,bothofwhichcontributetowaterpollution.

ThesuccessofADitinitsabilitytosellsolidandliquiddischargeasfertilizer.Huatuscohasthebenefitofbeinglocatedinanagriculturalarea,withawell-developedfertilizermarketandproximitytocrops,diminishingtransportationcosts.InmanyotherregionswhereADhasbeenproposed,liquiddischargeasfertilizercannotbedevelopedduetohightransportationcosts.Theeconomicmodelchargesafeeof$0.05/kgofcoffeewaste.Thisrepresentsonly3%ofthecoffeeprocessingcost.However,whentheMexicangovernmentbeginsfiningthecoffeeindustryforcoffeewastedischarge,ADtechnology–liketheproposedAD-CWS-willbecomeevenmoreattractive.

Abstract Theaimofthisstudyistotheoreticallyevaluateananaerobicdigestionsystemforcoffeewaste.

•Thefirstobjectiveofthestudyistodeterminethedesignfeasibil-ityofanAnaerobicDigestion(AD)plantsystemtotreatcoffeewastefromSolidaridad Cafetalera,acoffeeprocessingplantinHuatusco,VeracruzState,Mexico,calledAD-CoffeeWasteSystem(AD-CWS).

•ThesecondobjectiveistobuildaneconomicmodelforAD-CWSinHuatusco.TheAD’seffluentswillbemarketablefertilizerandthebio-gaswillbesoldtodrycoffeebeansandfordomesticuse.

Throughtheoreticalframework,AD-CWSwillproduce131m3ofbiogaspertonoffreshcoffeepulp(Gauthoetal).AD-CWSproduces3,010m3/dayofbiogas,1.58t/daydbofsolidfertilizerand104.45m3/dayofliquidfertilizer.Theeconomicmodelshowsrevenuestartingthe7thyearofoperationwithatotalrateofreturnof14%.Basedonthisdata,AD-CWSisagoodoptiontotreatcoffeewasteforSolidaridaCafetelerainHuatusco.

Acknowledgements ThisresearchwasmadepossiblethankstothesupportofDrLi,directorofOUInternationalDevelopmentStudies,andDrBotteandDrPaxtonmembersofmythesiscommittee,ProfessorSalvador D�az C�rdenas atSalvadorD�azC�rdenasatUniversidad Autónoma Chapingo,in Huatusco. I am also gratefulnHuatusco.IamalsogratefulforthesupportfromDr.Teodoro Espinosa Solares fromTeodoroEspinosaSolaresfromUniversidad Autónoma Chapingo, and West Virginia State University visiting professor, andandWestVirginiaStateUniversityvisitingprofessor,andJohnBombardiere,WestVirginiaStateBioplexProjectassistantmanager. SpecialaknowledgementtothemembersofUniónRegionaldePequeñosProductoresdeCafé,Agropecuaria,ForestalydelaAgroindustriadeHuatusco,(UR)whoarethe owners and workers atheownersandworkersatSolidaridadCafetalerainHuatusco,Mexico

ReferencesCastillo,M.,H.Baily,P.Violle,P.Pommares,andB.Sallee.1993.CoffeewastewatertreatmentintheCoatepecriverbasin,Veracruz,Mexico. Turrialba43,(2)(October18):143-150.Gautho,B.,P.Rantala,andR.Maatta.1991.Coffeeindustrywastes.WaterScienceandTechnology24,(1):53-60.InternationalCoffeeOrganization(ICO).Tradestatistics.London,England,2006[citedJanuary/172006].Availablefromhttp://www.ico.org/ trade_statistics.asp.Pandey,A.,C.R.Soccol,P.Nigam,D.Brand,R.Mohan,andS.Roussos.2000.Biotechnologicalpotentialofcoffeepulpandcoffeehuskforbiopro-cesses.BiochemicalEngineeringJournal6,(2)(Oct1):153-162.PemexGas.HistorynaturalgaspricesMexico,2006[citedApril/202006].Availablefromhttp://www.gas.pemex.com/PEMEX_GasStafford,D.A.,RexHorton,andDennisL.Hawkes.1980.Methaneproductionfromwasteorganicmatter.BocaRaton,Fla.:CRCPress.

Introduction Coffeeisanimportantcropindevelopingcountries.In2004,6,985,680tonsofcoffeebeanswereproducedworldwide(ICO).However,coffeeproducingcountriesfaceseriousproblemsindispos-ingofcoffeeprocessingwaste.2milliontonsofcoffeewasteisgen-eratedyearly(Pandeyetal).In2004,Mexicoproduced232,020tonsofcoffeebeans,andwasthe7thleadingworldwidecoffeeproducer(ICO).Mexico’scoffeeindustrygenerates13.2millionm3ofwaste-water,equivalenttothesewageofacityof5.6millioninhabitants(Castilloetal).

AnaerobicDigestion(AD)technologyisworthevaluatingasanalternativecoffeewastedisposalsolution.TheaimofthisstudyistoevaluatetheeconomicfeasibilityofusingADtotreatcoffeewaste,byproposingasystemthatusesthecoffeewastetogeneratebiogasandfertilizer,calledAD-CoffeeWasteSystem(AD-CWS).AD-CWSisbaseduponSolidaridad Cafetalera,acoffeeprocessingplantinHuatusco,VeracruzState,Mexico.TheAD-CWSisbasedonamedi-umsizecoffeeplant,processing45tonsofcoffeecherriesaday.TheADwillrun100days,duringtheharvestperiod,fromSeptembertoMarch.AD-CWSusesaContinuousStirredTankReactor(CSTR)atthermophilicconditions(above55°C).Theoretically,AD-CWSwillpro-cess22.98tonsofcoffeepulp,3.54tonofmucilageand73.62m3ofwastewaterperday(figure1).

ThePotentialofAnaerobicDigestionTechnologytoTreatCoffeeWasteinHuatusco,Mexico

YsabelBombardiere1,Dr.GerardineBotte2,Dr.JuliaPaxton3,Dr.JieliLi41MAIA,DevelopmentStudies,2ChemicalEngineering,3Economics,4Sociology,OhioUniversity,Athens,Ohio

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