The Power of KingsThe Power of Kings

Coach ParrishCoach Parrish

OMSOMS

Chapter 14, Section 4Chapter 14, Section 4

The StruggleThe Struggle

For 3 days, King Henry IV waited for Pope For 3 days, King Henry IV waited for Pope Gregory VII’s decision for forgiveness. King Gregory VII’s decision for forgiveness. King Henry IV had been choosing bishops in the Henry IV had been choosing bishops in the Catholic Church which the Pope disagreed Catholic Church which the Pope disagreed with.with.

The Pope excommunicated Henry IV from the The Pope excommunicated Henry IV from the Church but later reinstated him.Church but later reinstated him.

Then in 1081, King Henry invaded Italy, Then in 1081, King Henry invaded Italy, replaced the pope and sent him into exile.replaced the pope and sent him into exile.

Pope Gregory VII Tomb in Pope Gregory VII Tomb in SalernoSalerno

Henry IV – King of Henry IV – King of EnglandEngland

Nation BuildingNation Building

Henry’s success in overthrowing the Henry’s success in overthrowing the pope was a hint of things to come. As pope was a hint of things to come. As new kings came to power, they put their new kings came to power, they put their wishes before those of the Church.wishes before those of the Church.

The kings of Europe began to gain The kings of Europe began to gain power.power.

Power of NoblesPower of Nobles

When the 1200s began, Europe was still When the 1200s began, Europe was still a feudal society (feudalism). While kings a feudal society (feudalism). While kings ruled over kingdoms, lords and nobles ruled over kingdoms, lords and nobles still held great power. still held great power.

If the feudal system fails, the power of If the feudal system fails, the power of lords will decrease and kings will gain lords will decrease and kings will gain more power.more power.

Decline of FeudalismDecline of Feudalism

One reason for the decline of feudalism was One reason for the decline of feudalism was the rise of towns and increased trade. Kings the rise of towns and increased trade. Kings supported the towns in exchange for money.supported the towns in exchange for money.

With the money from towns, kings hired armies With the money from towns, kings hired armies and protected the towns. This weakened the and protected the towns. This weakened the nobles (leaders of feudalism) The Crusades nobles (leaders of feudalism) The Crusades also weakened them.also weakened them.

Birth of NationsBirth of Nations

Over time, kings became more and more Over time, kings became more and more powerful. Instead of Europe looking like powerful. Instead of Europe looking like a patchwork of fiefs, large areas of land a patchwork of fiefs, large areas of land were controlled by single kings.were controlled by single kings.

Kings became strong enough to Kings became strong enough to challenge the Church. Gradually the challenge the Church. Gradually the large kingdoms turned into nations.large kingdoms turned into nations.

Birth of Nations, cont.Birth of Nations, cont.

NationNation – community of people that – community of people that shares territory and a government.shares territory and a government.

The process of combining smaller The process of combining smaller communities into a single nation with a communities into a single nation with a national identity and government is called national identity and government is called nation building.nation building.

Changes in EnglandChanges in England

By the 1200s, England was on its way to By the 1200s, England was on its way to becoming a unified nation. In 1066, becoming a unified nation. In 1066, William of Normandy, conquered William of Normandy, conquered England. England.

The kings that followed, Henry I and The kings that followed, Henry I and Henry II further increased the power of Henry II further increased the power of kings.kings.

William of Normandy’s William of Normandy’s Castle RemainsCastle Remains

King John Angers the King John Angers the NoblesNobles

When John became king of England in When John became king of England in 1199, he quickly tried to increase his 1199, he quickly tried to increase his wealth and power. He taxed his people wealth and power. He taxed his people heavily, and jailed the innocent who heavily, and jailed the innocent who crossed him.crossed him.

The pope eventually excommunicated The pope eventually excommunicated John for his actions.John for his actions.

King John’s TombKing John’s Tomb

The Magna CartaThe Magna Carta

John was now at the mercy of the nobles he had John was now at the mercy of the nobles he had angered while king. With the backing of the angered while king. With the backing of the bishops, the nobles demanding a meeting with bishops, the nobles demanding a meeting with the king. the king.

On June 15, 1215, 2000 English nobles gathered On June 15, 1215, 2000 English nobles gathered and presented John a list of demands. John was and presented John a list of demands. John was forced to place the royal seal on the document.forced to place the royal seal on the document.

The document became law. The document became law. Magna CartaMagna Carta – – called the Great Charter, limited the king’s power called the Great Charter, limited the king’s power over the nobles.over the nobles.

The Magna Carta, cont.The Magna Carta, cont.

The king could no longer jail any freeman The king could no longer jail any freeman or raise taxes without consulting the or raise taxes without consulting the Great Council of lords and clergy. Great Council of lords and clergy.

Model ParliamentModel Parliament – council of common – council of common people as well as lords and clergy. As it people as well as lords and clergy. As it gained power, Parliament helped unite gained power, Parliament helped unite England.England.

Hundred Years’ WarHundred Years’ War

Despite the growth of nations, Western Despite the growth of nations, Western Europe was not at peace. Two emerging Europe was not at peace. Two emerging nations went to war.nations went to war.

Hundred Years’ WarHundred Years’ War – long series of – long series of clashes between England and France clashes between England and France that lasted from 1337 – 1453. that lasted from 1337 – 1453.

Causes of the WarCauses of the War

In the 1300s, the English king was the lord of In the 1300s, the English king was the lord of several counties in France. In 1152 King several counties in France. In 1152 King Henry II (England) married Eleanor of Henry II (England) married Eleanor of Aquitaine (France) that forced more French Aquitaine (France) that forced more French land into English hands.land into English hands.

In 1328, the French king died, and King In 1328, the French king died, and King Edward III of England, whose mother was a Edward III of England, whose mother was a French princess, claimed to be king of France French princess, claimed to be king of France under feudal law. French nobles disagreed, under feudal law. French nobles disagreed, Edward III invaded and this began the 100 Edward III invaded and this began the 100 Years War.Years War.

Joan of Arc’s VictoryJoan of Arc’s Victory

As the 100 Years War pressed on, each side As the 100 Years War pressed on, each side won victories but the tide turned in 1429 when won victories but the tide turned in 1429 when a peasant girl, Joan of Arc, took control of the a peasant girl, Joan of Arc, took control of the French forces. French forces.

Under her command, the French won many Under her command, the French won many battles. In 1430, she was taken prisoner, tried battles. In 1430, she was taken prisoner, tried for witchcraft, and burned at the stake.for witchcraft, and burned at the stake.

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc

Growing Power of KingsGrowing Power of Kings

The Hundred Years War affected many things. The Hundred Years War affected many things. New weapons caused kings to rethink their New weapons caused kings to rethink their armies. Castles could no longer stand cannon armies. Castles could no longer stand cannon fire.fire.

It also affected feelings as people began to It also affected feelings as people began to think of themselves as belonging to a country. think of themselves as belonging to a country. Parliament increased its power as kings Parliament increased its power as kings needed money for war. The war also set the needed money for war. The war also set the current boundaries of England and France.current boundaries of England and France.