The Power of the The Power of the ChurchChurch

Central govts. = weak Central govts. = weak Church acted as central govt. Church acted as central govt. 800: Church crowned Charlemagne as 800: Church crowned Charlemagne as

Roman Emp. Roman Emp. 500: Pope Gelasius I500: Pope Gelasius I

There are two powers by which this world is There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood & the authority of kings. priesthood & the authority of kings.

2 swords (Pope = Spiritual, Emperor = Political)2 swords (Pope = Spiritual, Emperor = Political)

II. The Church HierarchyII. The Church Hierarchy

Clergy were organized according to Clergy were organized according to powerpower

A. Parish PriestA. Parish Priest

Usually of peasant origin Usually of peasant origin Served people of his parish (smallest Served people of his parish (smallest

division of church)division of church) Poorest clergy member Poorest clergy member Administered 5 of 7 sacraments Administered 5 of 7 sacraments

Sacraments = ceremonies at which the Sacraments = ceremonies at which the participants received the direct favor of participants received the direct favor of God to help them ward off the God to help them ward off the consequences of sin consequences of sin

Sacraments Sacraments

1. Baptism 1. Baptism 2. Holy Eucharist 2. Holy Eucharist 3. Confirmation3. Confirmation 4. Penance4. Penance 5. Taking of Holy Orders5. Taking of Holy Orders 6. Matrimony 6. Matrimony 7. Extreme Unction 7. Extreme Unction

B. The BishopB. The Bishop

Diocese = made up numerous parishes Diocese = made up numerous parishes Managed by bishopManaged by bishop

Selected by king or great nobleSelected by king or great noble Chosen for family connections—were feudal Chosen for family connections—were feudal

lordslords

C. The ArchbishopC. The Archbishop

Had authority over dioceses & bishops in Had authority over dioceses & bishops in his province his province

D. The Pope & his CuriaD. The Pope & his Curia

Curia = pope’s advisors Curia = pope’s advisors Cardinals = most important, advised on Cardinals = most important, advised on

legal & spiritual matters legal & spiritual matters Elected pope Elected pope

Church = opportunity to move upChurch = opportunity to move up Pope Callistus I = originally a slave Pope Callistus I = originally a slave

E. Law of the ChurchE. Law of the Church Authority = religious & politicalAuthority = religious & political Canon law (church law) = marriage & religious Canon law (church law) = marriage & religious

practices practices Had own courtsHad own courts Excommunication = cut off from the churchExcommunication = cut off from the church Interdict = all churches in a region were closedInterdict = all churches in a region were closed

Church had power to taxChurch had power to tax Tithe (one-tenth a person’s income)Tithe (one-tenth a person’s income)

““Peter’s Pence” Peter’s Pence”

1200s: church reached peak of power1200s: church reached peak of power

III. The Church & the Holy III. The Church & the Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire

A. Otto I Allies w/the ChurchA. Otto I Allies w/the Church 936: feudal lords of Germany elected Otto I 936: feudal lords of Germany elected Otto I

as King (interested in Italy)as King (interested in Italy) 951: seized territory in northern Italy 951: seized territory in northern Italy 961: helped Pope John XII w/Roman nobles961: helped Pope John XII w/Roman nobles

962: Crowned Emperor of the Romans 962: Crowned Emperor of the Romans

Holy Roman Empire (Germany & n. Italy) Holy Roman Empire (Germany & n. Italy)

Emp. Henry III (r. 1046-1056)—H.R. Emp. Henry III (r. 1046-1056)—H.R. Emp. reached high pointEmp. reached high point Church = branch of royal govt.Church = branch of royal govt. Elected a German to PapacyElected a German to Papacy

B. Struggle w/the PapacyB. Struggle w/the Papacy

Church upset of Kings’ control over clergy Church upset of Kings’ control over clergy Lay Investiture (church officials were Lay Investiture (church officials were

appointed by kings/nobles)appointed by kings/nobles) Had power of naming bishopsHad power of naming bishops

1075: Pope Gregory VII banned L.I. 1075: Pope Gregory VII banned L.I. Henry IV ordered Gregory to step downHenry IV ordered Gregory to step down Gregory excomm. HenryGregory excomm. Henry

Bishops & nobles sided w/Pope Bishops & nobles sided w/Pope

1077: Henry appealed to Pope 1077: Henry appealed to Pope Castle of Canossa (n. Italy) Castle of Canossa (n. Italy) Stood at doors for 3 daysStood at doors for 3 days Pope forgave Henry Pope forgave Henry

Struggle over lay investiture cont’d.Struggle over lay investiture cont’d. 1122: Concordant of Worms1122: Concordant of Worms

Henry V agreed to grant only lands & Henry V agreed to grant only lands & secular powers to church officials secular powers to church officials

Church officials elected bishops & granted Church officials elected bishops & granted them spiritual powers them spiritual powers

Emperors still meddled in Italian politics Emperors still meddled in Italian politics

Worms

IV. Disorder in the EmpireIV. Disorder in the Empire

A. Frederick Barbarossa A. Frederick Barbarossa Frederick I (r. 1152-1190)Frederick I (r. 1152-1190) Interested in Italy ($ Lombardy $)Interested in Italy ($ Lombardy $) Lombard League Lombard League

Battle of Legnano (1176)Battle of Legnano (1176)

1177: made peace w/pope 1177: made peace w/pope

B. Innocent III & Papal B. Innocent III & Papal PowerPower

Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216)Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) believed he was supreme over clergy & believed he was supreme over clergy &

rulersrulers Emperors = servants of the ChurchEmperors = servants of the Church

Quarreled w/King JohnQuarreled w/King John Placed England under interdict Placed England under interdict John = Pope’s vassal John = Pope’s vassal

Dominated all of Italy Dominated all of Italy

Innocent’s success = favorable Innocent’s success = favorable conditions in Europeconditions in Europe

Germany & Italy never united Germany & Italy never united Both remained internally fragmented until Both remained internally fragmented until

1800s 1800s