the practical reference guide for radiographic inspection acceptance criteria

American Welding Society

The Practical Reference Guide for

Acceptance Criteria

Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWS

Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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STDmAWS PRG-ENGL 1995 = 07811265 0519326 8bO

THE PRACTICAL REFERENCE GUIDE

for RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

Located, reviewed and reformatted under the AWS Product Development Committee as a service

for quality-minded welding fabricators.

This publication is designed to provide information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is made available with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in the rendering of professional advice. Reliance upon the information contained in this document should not be undertaken without an independent verification of its application for a particular use. The publisher is not responsible for loss or damage resulting from use of this publication. This document is not a consensus standard. Users should refer to the applicable standards for their particular application.

American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126



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STD*AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 E 0784265 0539327 7T7 111

FOREWORD

A US military standard (MiL-STD-2035), in use for more than twenty years, set forth acceptance criteria for welds evaluated by nondestructive examination. As a military standard, those acceptance criteria could be applied as standards for fabrications for military use. It is recognized that certain nonmilitary fabrications might also benefit from comparison with these criteria. Although these criteria, offered herein, do not constitute a consensus standard of the American Welding Society, they are made available by AWS for consideration by fabricators.

A technical committee of AWS is curently evaluating these acceptance criteria with a view to possibly producing a consensus standard, but that evolution is not complete at this time. Should it be completed and result in an AWS standard, this document will be withdrawn in favor of the resulting standard.

O 1995 by the American Welding Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

Photocopy Rights

Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 508-750- 8400; online: http//www.copyright.com

II



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STD*AWS PRG-ENGL 3975 W 07842b5 0537328 633 D

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... ii

1 .O Scope ................................................................................................................................................ 1

2.0 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................... 1

3.0 Radiographic Indications ................................................................................................................... 1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

5 .

6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .

1 o . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 .

S I 4 Inclusion Indication Limit for Class 1 Weld Radiographic Quality ...................................... 7 Slag Inclusion Indication Limits for Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality ...................................... 7 Slag Inclusion Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality ...................................... 8 Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration Indication Limits for Class 1 Weld Radiographic Quality .......................................................................................................... 8 Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration Indication Limits for Class 2 and Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality ............................................................................................. 9 Usual Acceptance Criteria for Clustered Porosity ..................................................................... 10 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1/8 in.) ...... 11 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 3/16 in.) .... 12 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1/4 in.) ...... 13 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 3/8 in.) ...... 14 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1/2 in.) ...... 15 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 3/4 in.) ...... 16 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1 in.) ......... 17 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1-1/2 in.) ... 18 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 2 in. ) ......... 19 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 1 and Class 2 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 4 in.) ......... 20 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 114 in.) .......................... 21 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 3/8 in.) .......................... 22 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1/2 in.) .......................... 23 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 3/4 in.) .......................... 24 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1 in.) ............................. 25 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 1 -1/2 in.) ....................... 26 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 2 in.) ............................. 27 Porosity Indication Limits for Class 3 Weld Radiographic Quality (T = 4 in.) ............................. 28 Areas of Circles ......................................................................................................................... 29

iii Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWS


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1.0 SCOPE

STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 E 07842b5 05193Z9 57T 6

2.0 DEFINITIONS

3.0

Three classes of radiographic quality are offered for possible application to welds in general fabrication. Normally, the choice of an appropriate quality level is made by the engineer, the user or may be contained in the contractual documents. Among the pos- sibilities are the quality levels shown in this document, however, other choices may also be appropriate.

The definitions of the identified discontinuities are contained in AWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. Specific terms not included in AWS A3.0 are clarified below.

2.1 Crater Pit. An approximately circular surface condition extending into the weld in an irregular manner caused by insufficient filler metal at the weld stop.

2.2 Incomplete Consumable Insert Melting. Melting of the consumable insert without fusion to the base metal along either side of the consumable insert.

2.3 Oxidation. A condition resulting from partial or complete lack of inert gas shielding of a surface which is heated during welding, resulting in formation of oxide on the surface. This condition may range from slight oxidation evidenced by a multicolored or tightly adhering black film, to the extreme of a very rough surface having a crystalline, or “sugared appearance.

2.4 Root Surface Center-line Crease or Shrinkage. An intermittent or continuous center-line concavity formed on the root surface.

I N DI CATI O N S 3.1.1 Radiographic Technique. Radiographic technique is usually required to be in accordance with some applicable standard for nondestructive testing requirements. To properly evaluate radiographic indications in welds, the film reviewer should be sure that the correct film has been used and has been developed according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Any film conditions such as density, penetrometer location and identification, and extraneous artifacts should be evaluated by the film reviewer.

3.1.2 Cracks. Welds containing any crack are usually rejected.

3.1.3 Burn Through, Melt Through and Crater Pit. Burn through, melt through and crater pits are usually accepted provided the areas do not contain cracks, crevices or globules and provided the convexity or concavity limits otherwise specified are not exceeded.

3.1.4 Tungsten Inclusions. Tungsten inclusions having a maximum dimension greater than 20% of the design material thickness or 1/8 inch, whichever is less, are usually rejected. Smaller tungsten inclusions are generally counted as porosity.

3.1.5 Questionable Indications. When doubt exists as to whether an indication on the radiograph is the result of surface imperfections or subsurface defects, it is com- mon practice to compare the radiograph with the weld. If the indication in question is the result of an acceptable surface imperfection and does not interfere with interpretation, that weld may be accepted.

AWS Practical Reference Guide 1 Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWS


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3.1.6 Slag, Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration Indications

Figures 1 through 3 offer criteria applicable to slag inclusion indications for three classes of weld radiographic quality. Figures 4 and 5 offer criteria applicable to indications of incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration for three classes of weld radiographic quality.

a. General. Indications having a maximum size of 1/8 inch may be evaluated as slag or porosity, usually whichever is less restrictive. A cluster or a group of aligned indications including both slag and porosity are usually evaluated as either all slag or all porosity.

b. Aligned Indications. A group of four or more indications is usually considered aligned when a straight line through the geometric center of the two outer indications touches the intervening indications, and said line lies axially with the welded seam within approximately 5".

(1) Multiple aligned slag indications separated in any one direction from adjacent groups or individual indications by L* or 1/2 inch, whichever is less, are usually acceptable.

(2) Indications separated in any direction from adjacent groups or individual indications by L* or 1/2 inch, whichever is less, are usually acceptable.

* L is defined as the length of the longer indication being evaluated

c. Unaligned Indications. Unaligned indications are generally two or more indications that do not meet the aligned criteria of 3.1.6(b).

3.1.7 Porosity

Figure 6 offers criteria applicable to cluster porosity indications for various thicknesses of base metals. Figures 7 through 24 offer criteria applicable to scattered porosity indications for various thicknesses of base metals and three classes of weld radiography qual i ty.

a. General. Porosity indications 1/64 inch or less in diameter are usually not counted in evaluation of weld radiographic quality.

b. Clustered Porosity. Porosity are usually considered as clustered when a group of four or more indications are concentrated in a manner as shown in Figure 6. Pores separated from the group by 1/8 inch or 3D (where D is the largest pore in that group), whichever is greater, are not usually considered a part of the group.

c. Randomly Dispersed Porosity. The porosity patterns shown in Figures 7 through 24 are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the radiographs, but are illustrative of a particular combination of number and size of indications. Accep- tance criteria for thicknesses not shown may be extrapolated. For weld lengths less than 6 inches, or weld widths less than shown, the acceptance criteria may be propor- tionally reduced. Increasing the acceptable pores to compensate for weld widths greater

2 AWS Practical Reference Guide Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWS


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STDIAWS PRG-ENGL 1995 I 07842b5 05L933L II28 E

than that shown in the porosity charts is usually not permitted. When it is considered necessary for evaluation, Figure 25 may be used to determine the total area of acceptable pores for any applicable thickness. When randomly distributed indications occur in a concentrated pattern, but not to such a degree as to be classed as rejectable clusters, these are usually considered rejectable when the concentration in any one inch or more of weld length becomes twice the amount which is shown in the applicable randomly distributed porosity charts.

d. Aligned Porosity. Four or more pores linearly aligned such that the distance between each two adjacent pores is less than D, or 1/16 inch, whichever is greater, where D is the diameter of the larger of the two adjacent pores, are usually rejected. However, such linearly aligned pores may be acceptable when the total length of the stringer of pores does not exceed the length permitted for a single slag indication. The maximum pore diameter is not usually acceptable if it exceeds the large diameter specified on Figures 7 through 24.

e. Other Indications. Other indications, including clustered, aligned and randomly dispersed indications are usually considered in the evaluation and the total indication area are usually not acceptable if they exceed the basic requirement of 0.01T inch per inch or 0.01 5T inch per inch, as applicable.

f . Maximum Pore Diameter. Design material thicknesses equal to or less than 1/8 inch are usually acceptable if they have no more than six pores in any 6 inch length of weld, and no pores have a diameter greater than 20 percent of the design material thickness. For design material thicknesses greater than 1/8 inch, an isolated pore may be 25 percent of T or 3/16, whichever is less, provided that there is not more than one such pore in any 6 inch length.

3.1.8 Oxidation of Root. Rough oxidized surface, accompanied by a wrinkled or “sugared” appearance on the radiograph is not usually acceptable.

3.1.9 Multiple Indications. The presence of the various types of indications on the same radiograph section is usually permitted provided each indication type is within the limits herein except that total accumulated slag usually includes lack of fusion and incomplete penetration indications.

3.1 .IO Undercut. External undercut or root undercut is usually evaluated versus the specification limits for visual inspection. Undercut is usually evaluated by visual inspection whenever possible; where this is not feasible, records of use of a workmanship sample or approved measuring system usually accompany the radiographs which exhibit undercut.

3.1.11 Inadvertent Radiography. Inadvertent radiography is defined as the presenta- tion on a required radiograph of adjacent welds or base material which do not require radiography. Acceptance or rejection of indications so revealed is usually based on the following:

a. Base Metal. Any defect revealed by inadvertent radiography is usually evaluated to base metal acceptance criteria; any defect determined to be a crack is usually cause for rejection. For indications other than a crack, if radiography criteria do not exist, an engineering evaluation may be made.



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STD*AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 II 0784265 0519332 Ob4 M

b. Welds Required to be Radiographed. For welds required to be radiographed which are inadvertently radiographed again, any defect revealed by inadvertent radiography is usually evaluated to the original acceptance criteria for that particular weld class.

c. Welds Not Requiring Radiography. For welds which are not required to be radiographed, which are inadvertently radiographed, all defects found are usually evaluated. Defects that are determined to be cracks usually cause the weld to be rejected. Other defects usually call for an engineering evaluation.

Engineering evaluation is usually used to confirm that the structural integrity of the weld or base material is maintained. This evaluation is usually based on the following: per- formance reliability, prescribed inspection methods and acceptance criteria, and the quality of similar parts which meet the designated inspection requirements. Engineer- ing actions taken in accordance with inadvertently detected defects are usually noted in the radiographic record. Should repairs be required, the repair areas are usually reinspected as originally specified.

3.1.12 Weld and Base Metal Defect Evaluations. Weld spatter, arc strikes, grinding marks, surface roughness or handling marks which may interfere with inspection are usually removed by wire brushing and/or grinding prior to radiography. When weld spatter, arc strikes, etc., are overlooked during visual inspection and are shown as radiographic indications in the base metal not interfering with interpretation of the weld, the affected area need not be reradiographed but the defects are usually removed whenever accessible, visually inspected, and the results noted in the radiographic records. Tool marks or irregular surfaces which are not accessible for removal, such as tool marks on the inside surface of piping adjacent to welds, usually require engineering evaluation, and any technical justification for acceptance may accompany the radiograph.

3.2 Class 1 Weld Radiographic Quality

3.2.1 General. The provisions of Section 3.1 apply where applicable.

3.2.2 Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration. Welds are usually required to be free of incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration indications which exceed the limits of Figure 4. Acceptable incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration are usually treated as slag when determining the total accumulated length of slag.

3.2.3 Slag. The maximum single slag length and the maximum accumulation of slag lengths are usually not acceptable if either exceeds that shown in Figure 1,

3.2.4 Porosity

a. Maximum Porosity. The total area of porosity usually permitted, as determined from the radiographic film, is based on one percent of design material thickness “T” per inch of weld being inspected. For calculation, the following formula applies:



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~-

STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 3995

-~

07842b5 0539333 T T O

Total area of pores permitted in 1 in. length of weld = 0.01T in. x 1 in.

hence, for any six-inch length, the total area of pores usually permitted will be 0.06T square inches.

b. Randomly Dispersed Porosity. Randomly dispersed porosity is usually not acceptable if it exceeds the limits of Figures 7 through 16 for weld thicknesses of 1/8 in. to 4 in.

c. Clustered Porosity. Acceptance for clustered porosity, as defined in Section 3.1.7 (d) and as shown in Figure 6, is usually as follows:

Weld Thickness “T” Maximum Cluster Size Maximum Number Diameter of Pores

1/4 in. and less 1/4 in. 4, any size

greater than 1/4 in. through 1/2 in. 1/4 in. No limit, except summation of pore diameters usually may not exceed 1/4 in.

greater than 1/2 in. 1/2T or 3/4 in. whichever is less

No limit, except summation of pore diameters usually may not exceed 1/2T or 3/4 in., whichever is less

In addition, the minimum separation between clusters is usually 4T or 3 inches, whichever is less, and the sizes are not usually acceptable if they exceed those shown in Section 3.1.7 (f).

3.2.6 Other Defects

a. Consumable insert welds are usually required to be completely fused to the base material. Incomplete melting may be acceptable if the convexity requirements are met and it can clearly be determined that the insert has been completely fused to the adjacent base metal. The insert is usually considered completely fused to the adjacent base metal if the edges of the insert have flowed, ¡.e., image of original edge@) of insert is not present in the radiographic image.

b. The root surface concavity, including centerline shrinkage or wrinkling is usually not acceptable if it exceeds 1/32 inch for welds in pipe less than 2 inch nominal size or 1/16 inch for welds in pipe 2 inch or larger nominal size. Concavity of contour is usually not acceptable unless the resulting thickness of weld metal is equal to or greater than the minimum thickness of the adjacent base metal. (See Section 3.2.7)

c. The root surface convexity is usually not acceptable if it exceeds 1/16 inch for welds in pipe less than 2 inch nominal size or 3/32 inch for welds in pipe 2 inch or larger nominal size. (See Section 3.2.7)



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S T D - A W S PRG-ENGL 1995 m 0 7 w z b 5 0539334 937 m

d. Root concavity or convexity may extend for the entire circumference of the weld.

3.2.7 Verification. Verification of questionable dimensional tolerances is usually established by visual inspection. If this is not feasible, records of use of a workmanship sample or an approved measuring system may be required to accompany the radiographic records.


3.3.1 General. The provisions of Section 3.1 apply where applicable. To properly evaluate radiographic indications in welds, the film reviewer must usually ensure that the correct film has been used and has been developed according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Film conditions such as density, penetrometer location and identification, and extraneous artifacts are usually evaluated by the film reviewer.

3.3.2 Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration. Welds are usually required to be free of incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration indications which exceed the limits of Figure 5. Acceptable incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration are usually treated as slag when determining the total accumulated length of slag.

3.3.3 Slag. The maximum single slag length and the maximum accumulative slag lengths are usually not acceptable if either exceeds that shown in Figure 2.

3.3.4 Porosity. The provisions of Section 3.2.4 apply where applicable.


3.4.1 General. The provisions of Section 3.1 apply where applicable.

3.4.2 Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Joint Penetration. Welds are usually required to be free of incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration indications which exceed the limits of Figure 5. Acceptable incomplete fusion and incomplete joint penetration are usually treated as slag when determining the total accumulated length of slag.

3.4.3 Slag. The maximum single slag and the maximum accumulative slag length are usually not acceptable if either exceeds that shown in Figure 3.

3.4.4 Porosity. The requirements of Section 3.1.7 usually apply except that the total area of porosity acceptable may be based on the area of porosity being 1.5% of the material thickness in 1 inch length and the randomly dispersed porosity not exceeding the limits of Figures 17 through 24 for weld thicknesses 1/4 inch to 4 inches. Clustered or concentrated porosity may be acceptable provided these indications, when evaluated with other porosity indications, do not exceed the maximum number and size shown in the applicable randomly dispersed porosity chart (or 0.09T square inches) in any six inches of weld.



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STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 3995 07842b5 0539335 873 D

Figure 1. 3/4

518 SLAG INCLUSION INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 1 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY

c I I- u z

5 3

x 2 114

I '- 112

318

2

1 18

Figure 2.

SLAG INCLUSION 1

INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 2 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY

718

Y 314 ? C

112 z X <

3/8

1 I4

118

1 1. FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in., THE ACCUMULATED LENGTH IS USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR THE MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER.

1 12 1 1-112 2 2-1/2 3 3- 1 I2 4

DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS 'T (in.)

I

TOTAL ACCUMULATED LENGTH PER 6 in. LENGTH OF WELD

f I I

-- MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR INDIVIDUAL INDICATIONS

I NOTES: - 1 . FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in., THE ACCUMULATED

LENGTH IS USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR THE MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER.

AND INCOMPLETE PENETRATION ACCORDING TO FIGURE 5.

__ 2. ACCUMULATED SLAG MAY INCLUDE INCOMPLETE FUSION

I I I I I 1

1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-112 4 114 112




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Figure 3. 3

2-314 SLAG INCLUSION INDICATION LIMITS 2-112

FOR CLASS 3 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC Q UA L ITY

2-114

- 2 c F 1-314 a

._ v

6 1-112

2 1

-J

I 3 1-114 2

I 314

314 Figure 4.

INCOMPLETE

INCOMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION

518 FUSION AND

- 112 e v

I INDICATION LIMITS I-

j 318

3

FORCLASSI WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY

E a X 114 3

1 I8

1 12

NOTE FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in , THE TOTAL ACCUMULATED INDICATION LENGTH IS USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR THE MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER

TOTAL ACCUMULATED LENGTH PER 6 in LENGTH OF WELD

-

MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR I ND IV I DUAL IN DI CATI ON S

114

1. FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in., THE ACCUMULATED LENGTH IS USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR THE MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER.

2 ACCUMULATED SLAG MAY INCLUDE INCOMPLETE FUSION AND INCOM- PLETE PENETRATION ACCORDING TO FIGURE 5.

114 112 1 1-112 2 2- 112 3 3-112 4

DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS “T” (in.)

O 1 I2 1 1-112 2 2-112 3 3-112 4

DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS “7 (in.)



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STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 07842b5 0539333 b4b D

718

Figure 5.

INCOMPLETE NOTE: FOR WELD LENGTH LESS THAN 6 in., THE TOTAL ACCUMULATED - INDICATION LENGTH IS USUALLY THE PRORATED LENGTH OR THE

MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR INDIVIUAL INDICATION, WHICHEVER IS GREATER.

314 FUSION AND INCOMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 2 AND 2 112 CLASS 3 WELD J

QUALITY x

e .E 518 I l-

v

RADIOGRAPHIC 5 318 5

2 114

MAXIMUM LENGTH FOR 118 INDIVIDUAL INDICATIONS

O 1 t2 1 1-112 2 2- 1 12 3 3- 112 4

DESIGN MATERIAL THICKNESS 'T' (in.)



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Figure 6. USUAL ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR CLUSTERED POROSITY

ACCEPT

___) R @- 3EJECT - 1J4 310 1J2 314 1 1-1/2


NOTE: ILLUSTRATION OF CLUSTERED POROSITY FOR VARIOUS THICKNESSES. IT IS USUAL TO ACCEPT ALL TO THE LEFT OF ANY VERTICAL THICKNESS LINE, AND REJECT ALL TO THE RIGHT.



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STD-AUS PRG-ENGL 1995 m 07842b5 0539339 419

Figure 7. POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1% TAN. PER 6 IN.)

T = 1/8 IN.

PORE DIAMETER PORES ALLOWABLE

.O25 6 . . I LARGE I

.o20 6

MEDIUM 1



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Figure 8. POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1% T/IN. PER 6 IN.)

T = 3/16 IN. (.O113 SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)


5 12 W . . * . O . o . . O * o

ASSORTED

.O37 10 e a W W o o o

W o W

I LARGE 1

.O25 23 * . . . . . * . .

e . . = I MEDIUM I



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Figure 9.

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STD*AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 0784265 0539343 077 b

POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1% TAN. PER 6 IN.)



e e

a e O O

. o 0 .

I I

I ASSORTED I

.O50 O O

O O O O O

O

I LARGE I

e e e e a

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1 MEDIUM I

.o20 . . . . . . . . . . . :. . .

0 . . . . - . . . * . ' .

I SMALL I AWS Practical Reference Guide 13



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STD*AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 07842b5 0519342 TO3 m

.O75

Figure 10.

5

POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1% T/IN. PER 6 IN.)

' * . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . * . . . . * . - . .

* . . . e . : . 9 . . . - . . . . . . a . . * . . .

i



3 3 11

O e e O e O I

ASSORTED I

.O49 11

e e e e e o o

e a e e

I MEDIUM 1



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Figure 11.

~

STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 3995 07842b5 0539343 9 4 T =




.10 I .O31 I .O195 1 9 35

I ASSORTED I

O O 0 . e

O .

. o - 0 . O

.10

I e e I LARGE I

I MEDIUM I

.O1 95 1 o1 . . . . . . : , . " . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * :..

. . . . . . 8 -

. . * . s . . . * - * a . . . . - .

I SMALL I



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STD-AWS PRG-ENGL I1795 E 0784265 0539344 886 m

1 17

Figure 12.

35


,125


4

o o * m . I. .

I . . .

I ASSORTED I

I MEDIUM I

.O24 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . '

. . . 0 .

. * . .

- . * . . - . . . . . I SMALL I I I



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Figure 13.

~~

STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 0784265 0519345 712 M


T = 1 IN. (.O60 SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)


I a

l

ASSORTED I

I I LARGE I

1 O0 .O275

. - - . ' . . .

. . . . . ' * . * . . . .

. ' * . * * . . 9 . . *

SMALL I AWS Practical Reference Guide 17



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T = 1-1/2 IN. (.O90 SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)


4 e

e O e . 8 e * o e .

O

e O

m e O e e e e

8 e O 8 8 O

O e e e e 8 e e

I

L ASSORTED

,125 7

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O e

I LARGE I

MEDIUM 1 .O34

e e e e O e e O * e * o

O e O * e * e * * e

e e e e e 0 . e

e e * e o * e . e . e e

* e e e

O e * e

e e * * e O e

e e * e e . *

e e e e e e e

e * e e * e e e e

e e * e O e e e

l SMALL I 18 AWS Practical Reference Guide



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~~

~

STD.AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 0784Zb5 0539347 595


T = 2 IN. (.120 SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)


1 1 10

O O O O a O

O O O O

I I

' I I LARGE I 51 .O55

O O O O O O O O O O

O 0 . O

O O O O

O O

O O

O O O . O O

O O O

O O O

O O O

O

O O O O

O O O

O O

I MEDIUM I



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Figure 16. POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1% TAN. PER 6 IN.)


PORE DIAMETER PORES ALLOWABLE 1 I

ASSORTED 19

e a e O e O

a

I LARGE I e a e e . e e

œ ' O

MEDIUM I .O55

* e e e e e e * * e * e e * e * e * e * e .

e e e

e *

e e e *

e e

0 e e e e * e

e * e e

e e e e e *

* e e e *

e e * e a e e * e

* e

e e * e e e e e

e e e e * e a e e e * e * e * e e

e e

I SMALL I



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Figure 17.

.O50 I .O31 I .O20 6 5 18 O O O 0 .

O O O . . . O . . o . O i

STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 D 07842b5 0539349 3bB

O O

0 . O O O O O O O O

POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 3 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1.5% TAN. PER 6 IN.)



.O31 29 O O O O O

O O O . O O 0 .

O . O O . 0 . O O O O O O

I MEDIUM I

.o20 72 . . . . . . . . . * . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . * * a . . :. . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I SMALL 1



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Figure 18. POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 3 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1.5% T/IN. PER 6 IN.)



4 5 17 O

O O ' 0 .

0 . O ' 0 .

O

I ASSORTED I

.O75

O O

O O O O O

LARGE

.O49 17

O 0 . O

O O

O O

O e O O

O O O O

MEDIUM

108 . . . . . . . e : . 0 . . . . . . * : . . . a . . . . - . a * . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ' . . * - . . . . e . . ' . . . . . . . . . * . . * :

. . . . a . . * . . . . . . . .

SMALL



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Figure 19.

. 2 15 I 53

* . a * . a a . . ' * . a * a m o , . ' a .

a . . . . a . . a * 0 . * a . . a . * - a * a i . . . * .

2

~ ~

STD-AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 m 07842b5 05L735L TLb =



.10 6

O O a O a a

I LARGE I

.O31 a a m a m a .

a a a e e . e

* a a m a @ a a m a * * a

a a a * a a m * a a * m a

* a a a a a m a * a a a

I MEDIUM I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . ' . . * * - . . . . . . . . . ' * .. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' * . . . . . . . . ' . . . . - - . . . . . 0 . . * e . ' . . . . . . . . . . . .

a:

. . I SMALL I



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Figure 20.

.O24


135



2

I ASSORTED I

.125 6

I . O O

I LARGE I

. * , . . . ' . : . . ' . ' a . . , . . . . '

. . * a .

. . . . . e .

. . . . . ' . . . . * . . - . . . . . . . . . . a .

. . . . . * .

a . . . . . * I I

i SMALL I



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~~ ~ ~

STD=AWS PRG-ENGL 1995 E 07842b5 0519353 899 W

Figure 21. POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 3 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1.5% TAN. PER 6 IN.)



2 17 I 53

. . ASSORTED I

e e e e I I

I LARGE I .O39 60

e e e e e e e @ e @ e

e e e

e o e e e

e e

e @ e m

e e e e e e e e e

e e * e e @ e

e e e e m e e @ e e @ e e

o e e e e

MEDIUM

. . * . . . . . ' . . . . *

. . . . ' . . . e . - . . . . * . * . a

. . . * . * . . . . . . , . . - . . 9 . . . . . . . e : . . * .

. . . - . . . . . . a . - 9 .

. . a .

. . . . . 8 . . . . .

. - . . * . . . . . .

I SMALL I



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


T = 1-1/2 IN. (.135 SQ. IN. TOTAL POROSITY AREA)


6 15 36

e e . e . e 8 . . e

* o

O o 0

e

e e 0

0 * . 0 0 * o e o 0

e . e e . * e e . . e . . . e e O e

o 0 O 8 .

* . 0 .

ASSORTED

11

O O O

O

O O

O O O

I LARGE I .O48 75

.O34 150 . .

e

e e

. O . e e e

e . e

e e e e .

* e

e * e

e * e

e e . . e e e . .

: . e e .

* e . e . e * . e

. O e e * .

. . e * * e



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

STD-AWS P R G - E N G L 1775 H 0784265 0519355 b b l m




3 25 57 .125 I .O55 I .O39

~

I ASSORTED I .125 15

e a O a a O a

O a O

a O a O

I LARGE I

I SMALL I



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

STDmAWS PRG-ENGL 1995 07842b5 0519356 5T8 m

I ASSORTED

Figure 24. POROSITY INDICATION LIMITS FOR CLASS 3 WELD RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY (1 5% TAN. PER 6 IN.)



6 32 60

0 . O O O . . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

O O 0 . 0 0 . 0

o @

O . O @ 0

@ . o . o O e o . o

O O .

O 0 . O o o o . . o o O . o

O

. . O .

0 .

O . . O . . o 0 O .

O 0 . 0 . O O O O 0 0 0 .

a 0

LARGE I . O . . . .O78 . @. . . . . . . .. O . .. . .. .@ O

@ . 0 . . 0 .

0 . . . . 0 . . . . . . .

MEDIUM

O

O

e

o .

O

O

0 0

O .

O

O .o

0 . 0

0 .

O 0 .

. o o

O

O

O .

O

O .

0 0

o .

SMALL I 28 AWS Practical Reference Guide



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

~ ~~

STDSAWS PRG-ENGL 3995 07642b5 0539357 434 m

Figure 25. AREA OF CIRCLES

DIAMETER (INCHES)

1 /32

3/64 1/16

5/64

3/32 7/64

118

9/64 5/32

1 1 /64 3/16

13/64 7/32

15/64 114

AREA (Sa. IN.)

.O008

.o01 7

.O031

.O048

.O069

.O093

.O1 23

.O1 55

.O1 92 ,0232

,0276 .O324

.O375

.O431

.O491

DI AM ETER (INCHES)

.O1 95

.o20

.O24

.O25

.O275

.O31

.O34

.O37 ,039

.O48

.O49

.O50

.O55

.O75

.O78

.1 O0

AREA (SQ. IN.)

.0003

.0003

.0005

.0005

.0006

.0008

.0009

.o01 1

.o01 5

.O01 8 ,0019 .0020

.0024

.0044

.0047

.0079



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Other Publications Available from AWS

Order No. Title

B1.11-88 Guide for Visual Inspection of Welds Excellent tutorial; most illustrations in color. 32 pages, softbound.

WI-80 Welding Inspection Perennial best seller; 222 pages, softbound.

B1 .lo-86 Guide for Nondestructive Inspection of Welds DoD adopted; concise reference tool, 34 pages, softbound.

CM-94 Certification Manual for Welding Inspectors Aid to studying for CWI exam as well as excellent introduction to weld inspection; 300 pages, softbound.

W HB-2.8 Welding Handbook, 8th Ed., Vol. 2 “Welding Processes” 29 chapters, detailed charts, drawings, 955 pages, hardbound.

A2.4-93 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Testing Used by Departments of Transportation and Defense; ANSI approved, 700 pages, softbound,



--``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

the practical reference guide for radiographic inspection acceptance criteria

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