1. The Process and the Definition Essay it is important to mix WARM water with the yeast so that the bread rises correctly!

2. Directional Process Essay

• Essay offers specific instructions on how to do something or how to make something (such as telling a ghost story or how to bake a cake).

• Consider this the How To process essay!

3. Example: How to Make Mexican Paper Flowers

4. Informative Process Essay

• Works to explain HOW or WHY a process works.

• For example, explain how a combustion engine in the car works.

• Explaining how and why a black hole emerges!

5. Example: Supernovas why stars die

6. Elements in the essay

• Introduction

• • Determines, and lets the reader know, what kind of process essay this will be!

• • Hook should work to grab attention of the reader by engaging the senses!

• • Frame should let reader know if they are in for a how to or information essay.

• • Thesis should be clear and to the point.

7. Support Paragraphs: There should be at least 3

• For both how to and information essays, take the reader step by step though the process!

• Each paragraph should reflect a different part of the process (hint, if you are teaching how to make a pie, divide up your process broadly so paragraphs are longer than 2 sentences! A good paragraph should at least be 4-5 sentences long)

8. Conclusion

• For how to essays conclude by letting the reader know what they should have at the end of your described process. Offer a good summary and a complete picture!

• For information essays comment on the importance or significance of the process. Why should we, the reader, care? What is important for us to remember in the end and why?

• For both kinds of process essays remember to touch upon the thesis statement once again!

9. Definition Essay

• 3 types of definitions:

• • Formal

• • Restricted

• • Extended Most common.

10. Formal

• • Formal:

• • • dictionary meaning of the word that offers:

• • • • 1) the term (the thing or idea)

• • • • 2) the class (where the term belongs)

• • • • 3) the differentiation (how it differs from others in its class)

11. Formal Example

• Term Class Differentiation

• Twitter Social Media Micro-blogging

• in 140 characters

• Facebook Social Media a free-access social

• networking website

• operated & privately

• owned by Facebook, Inc

12. Restrictive

• When we limit or place terms on a definition/ the meaning of the phrase or term for a particular discussion:

• • Slang such as the term bread for money.

• • Private or insider definitions of a term or idea such as Barry White - a romantic soul singer from the 1970s but in my family a Berry White referred to a guy who slickly tried to hit on you. A used car Casanova sales-person.

13. Extended

• Looking at a term or in an extended and deep way this often is used for academic papers:

• Example

• • Cosmopolite:

• • • (formal definition) from the Greek, meaning citizen of the world.

• • • Early Greek stoics promoted that we should be citizens of our world first and of our community second.

• • • Roman stoics also promoted this philosophy especially Marcus Aurelius who used to philosophy to justify taking over other cultures-=cosmopolitanism as universalism

14. Cosmopolitanism Continued

• Cosmopolitanism as universalism becomes an excuse for empire (As in Roman Empire and later other nationalities will take up this banner such as Hitler).

• Cosmopolitanism and Religion

• • Many spiritual doctrines are expressed as universalism/cosmopolitanism our ideas should be accepted universally.

15. Cosmopolitanism Continued

• Cosmopolitanism and Globalization

• • Seen as a way to standardize cultures, ideas and influences.

• • Seen as a way to justify one particular economic mode capitalism- that will unite the world.

• • Seen as the promotion of a world government that will eventually regulate international relations.

• • I do not wish to promote any of these concepts I wish to promote what I term the rooted cosmopolitanism (this is a form of restrictive definition)

16. Rooted Cosmopolite

• Rootless cosmopolite = someone who belongs to the world but does not have roots in a place a local place.

• A rooted cosmopolite = someone who has roots to a local place (such as a nation), but he or she understands that in a globalized world, we must also think in a cosmo or global way as our shoes are made in china, our coffee comes from Africa, and our computer software is composed in Ireland and India.

17. In the last example I used:

• A formal definition

• Restrictive definition

• Synonym

• Example

• Description

• Compare and contrast

• Division and classification

• Negation (what cosmopolitanism is not universalism)