the process model - taibi kahler

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Personality Types, Miniscripts & Adaptations

Taibi Kahler

www.pcmoceania.com

process communication model can be utilised in so many different areas of life. in motivation, in conflict resolution, in learning how

second by second, interaction by interaction an employee, colleague, family member or friend can be motivated to be the very best they can possibly be.

The Process Model

The Process Model: Personality Types, miniscripts, and Adaptations

Abstract

TheauthorchronicleshisProcessModelfromtheminiscripttohisresearchbasedsixPersonalityTypes.PaulWaresDoorsareexpandedintosixperceptions,andhisAdaptationsareidentifiedinminiscriptbehaviorsofthreedegreesofdistress,includingDrivers,failuremechanisms,games,injunctions,rackets,egostates,roles,myths,issues,impasses,probableearlydecisions,andscripts.

Newevidenceispresentedincontrasttoclassicaltheoryofthescriptingofcounterscriptsandinjunctions.

ThesignificanceofDriversandscripts,andhowtodealwitheachisexplained.Treatmentapproachesforeachminiscript/Adaptationareoffered,withidentifyingthetransactionandperceptiontocontacteach,aswellastheissueuponwhichtofocus.ExamplesofintegratingGestalt,Rogerian,Cognitive,RationalEmotive,Behavior,andAsklepieiontherapiesaregiven.

MyinterestinprocessbeganbyconcentratingonfunctionalanalysisanddiscoveringDrivers(19691971).Astheyweredefinedanddescribedasfunctionalcounterscripts,theywereobservablebywords,tones,gestures,posture,andfacialexpressions,unliketraditionalstructuralcounterscriptsthatweretheorizedandhypothesized.TheprocessadvantagesofDriversincludedassessingthemsecondbysecondtodifferentiatethemfromapositivefunctionalegostate,verifyingthattheylastedmomentarily,observingthattheyprecededrackets,anddeterminingthattheywerehousedfunctionallyinNPandAC.Furthermore,asDriverswereneitherobservableinanypositive(OKOK)functionalegostates,norinaCP,VC,orACwithrackets,alogicalcorollaryindicatedtheexistenceofafifthlifeposition:OKif(Ernst,1971;Kahler,1975a),whichfurthercorroboratedaprocesssequence.

MyacademicinterestinprocessbeganwithmyMasterofSciencedegreethesis:Theeffectsofteachermanagementprocesscodeviavideotapefeedbackontheverbalbehaviorofstudentteachers(Kahler,1971).

Withthediscoveryoftheminiscript(19711972),Ibecamemoreinterestedinprocesssequences:(1)anorderofcathectingnegativefunctionalegostates(KahlerwithCapers,1974,1975b);(2)anorderofinterringtheDramaTriangle(Karpman,1968;KahlerwithCapers,1974),withDriversattheRescuerorVictim(ofaRescuer)roles;(3)anorderofstartinggames,withDriversatConandGimmick.(Berne,1970;KahlerwithCapers,1974).Researchwasneeded.In1972IreceivedmydoctoratefromPurdueUniversity.IhadcreatedaTAinventoryanduseditinmyresearch:PredictingAcademicUnderachievementinNinthandTwelfthGradeMaleswiththeKahlerTransactionalAnalysisScriptChecklist(Kahler,1972).Interestedinfurthervalidatingmyinventory,Icontinuedtogatherdatawithit.Afterasufficientlylargesamplepopulationsize,Iconductedafactoranalysisandaskedastatisticsprofessorforhisevaluationandinterpretation.

Theresultswereatfirstdisappointing,inthatthestrongestcorrelationswerejustwithDriversandscripts.Thestatistician,however,pointedouttomethatwhateverIwasresearchingdidhavesignificance.Thedatanaturallyfellintosix,mutuallyexclusiveclustersatahighenoughsignificancenottoberandom.

SeveralyearslaterIrealizedthattheseclusterswereactuallythefoundationfortheProcessCommunicationModel(PCM)(Kahler,1982a)andtheProcessTherapyModelTM(PTM)(Kahler,1978)tobecomprisedofsixPersonalityTypes.

Interestingly,thecorrelationsbetweentheDriversandmainlifescriptspresentedabreakthroughinscripttheory.SomeoftheoriginalTAtheoristspostulatedthatthescriptwasaresultofscriptinjunctions.MyresearchclearlyshowedcorrelationsbetweenDrivers(functionalcounterscripts)andthelifescripts.

OfallhisworkIwasmostfascinatedbyBernesexplanationandinterpretationofthescriptdynamicsofMrs.Sayers,describedinhis1961bookTransactionalAnalysisinPsychotherapy(Berne,p.124).


Hehadanalyzedherbehaviorsecondbysecondanddiscoveredherwholelifescriptwhichshehadrepeatedlyplayedoutovervaryinglengthsoftimerangingfromapassingmomenttoseveralyears.Howincrediblethetelescopingofawholescriptintoafewseconds.

Bythesummerof1971IhaddiscoveredhowDriversreinforcelifescriptsthousandsoftimesaday.AswemoveintoDrivers,energyisdrainedfromtheAdult,andthisaffectshowwe(preconsciously)structureourthoughts,asevidencedbyDrivercontaminatedsentencepatterns.(KahlerwithCapers,1974;Kahler,1975a;Kahler,1975c).Iconfirmedmostofmyobservationsbyaresearchstudy(Kahler,1982b),resultinginthefollowinginformation.

1982KahlerCommunications,Inc.

Inamannerofminutesitispossibletodetermineapersonswholelifescriptsimplybylisteningcarefullytosentencepatterns.Thishasshowntobeaccurateacrossculturesandlanguages.

Ina1975articleintheTAJcalledScripts:ProcessandContent(Kahler),Iresolvedclassictheorywithcurrentscriptdiscoveriesintoasynthesizedmodel.Drivers(functionalcounterscripts)formthelifescript,

andinjunctionsdeliveredfunctionallythroughCP,VC,andAC(+)determinetheintensityofthelifescript.

So,aprocessLifeScriptisafalsebelieforiginatinginDrivers,reinforcedthroughsentencepatterns,andreplayedthroughoutlifeinintensityasafunctionofdistress.

Knowingaclientsscriptallowsthetherapistpredictabilityofbehaviorintreatment.Thisisthecaseinlifeaswell:wefoundthispredictabilityofscriptsveryusefulinworkingwithastronautsatNASA(Kahler,2008,pp.241243).

AfterScriptTheseclientsoveradapttononnurturingtherapists,andinsodoingmaysabotagetreatment.Theirexperienceis,Ihadafeelingthiswouldntwork.Ifeltthetherapistreallydidntlikeme.

UntilScriptTheseclientsmayputoffdoingnew,therapysuggestedbehaviorsuntiltheycanbeassuredofdoingitperfectly.

AlwaysScriptSomeoftheseclientsTryhardwithnonplayfultherapists,andmayendupleavingtherapy,blamingthetherapist.Someoftheseclientswhofendforthemselvesinlife,interpretnonconfrontationaltherapistsasineffectivevictims,andcornerthemwithmanipulationsofnonpayment,missedappointmentsorotherredefinitions.

NeverScriptTheseclientsmayneverfinalizeanewtherapydecisionintoaction,especiallywithanondirectivetherapist.

AlmostIScriptTheseclientsalmostgetwhattheywantmostfromtherapy.Thisismostlikelytohappenifthetherapistisnonnurturingandnonplayful.

AlmostII(professional)ClientswiththisScriptwillappeartohavegottenwhattheywantedintreatmentbutdonotgeneralizeandincorporateitintotheirprofessionallife.

AlmostII(personal)ClientswiththisScriptneedtodealwitheitherorboth,DontenjoyorDonthavefun.Iftheywillfailtodealwitheitherinjunction,theyarelikelytoplaythemartyrintheirrelationships.

PaulWareandImetin1974,andbecamelifelongfriends.Afterattendedaweeklong


seminarIhaddoneinearly1975inDulzura,California,PaulhostedaseminarformelaterthatyearinShreveport,Louisiana,inwhichI:(1)presentedsixbasicminiscripts,eachreinforcingadifferentlifescript;and(2)demonstratedthepositivetransactionstoofferwhenapersonshowsaDriver.

WhenofferedRespondwith

Beperfect(formeoryou)A A

Bestrong(formeoryou)+CP A

TryhardFC FC

Pleaseyou+NP FC

ThesesixformsofthefiveDriverswerethosecorrelatedeachtoadifferentclusterintheoriginal1972research(Kahler,1982b),soIcontinuedtofocusprimarilyonthem.

In1976PaulWareandIcoledamarathoninShreveport,Louisiana.

WhatIhadbeendoingbyselectingdifferenttransactionstousetoconnectwithaclientdependingontheirprimaryDriver,Paulwasdoingwithselectingfeelings,thoughtsorbehaviorsinordertoconnectwithaperson.WhereasIfocusedoninterveningatbeginningdistressedbehavior(i.e.,withbeingpresentedaDriver),PaullookedatthepersonsOKfunctioning,anddeterminedhowbesttoconnectwiththeclientinhis/herpreferenceoffeelings,thoughts,orbehaviors.

Note:SevenyearslaterPaulhadrefinedhisconceptoftherapydoors,andwhathecalledsixAdaptations,andwroteanarticleinthe1983TransactionalAnalysisJournalentitledPersonalityAdaptations(Ware).Thiswasamilestonecontributiontopsychotherapyasitfocusedontheindividualclient.

In1977IfinishedTransactionalAnalysisRevisited(Kahler,1978).PaulWarewrotetheintroduction:TaibihasenlargedonhisProcessSchoolofTAhisProcessTherapywillbecomeanimportantcontributiontopsychology.ProcessTherapyisexplained,withcaseillustrations,clinicalapplications,andscript(tape)supervision.

LaterthatyearIreceivedtheEricBerneMemorialScientificAwardfortheMiniscript(KahlerwithCapers,1974).

In1978IwrotetheProcessCommunicationModelinBrief(Kahler,1978),andManagingwiththeProcessCommunicationModel:Selecting,Retaining,Motivating(Kahler,1979a).Ireasonedthatiftherearesixclustersofnegativebehavior(thesixscriptsandthesixclustersfromthe1972research),thentherearesixclustersofpositivebehaviors.HedgesCapers(1974)hadsuggestedtheOKminiscript.JackDusayhadconceivedoftheEgogram(1972),whichalthoughmeasuringbothpositiveandnegativeegostates,stillsuggestedthatwehaveanorderofpositiveegostatesinus.PaulWaresDoors(1983)stronglyarguedforanindividualpreferentialsequence.

IcoinedthetermPersonalityTypestoemphasizethattheyarenotclinicaldiagnosticcategories,andthattheyhavepositivebehaviorsassociatedwiththem.MytermsarePersister,Reactor,Workaholic,Promoter,Rebel,andDreamer.PaulWareisreferencedforhisDoorsandAdaptations.

In1979IwroteandpublishedtheProcessTherapyinBrief.(Kahler,1979b),inwhichI(1)separatedtheProcessCommunicationModel(fornonclinicalapplications)andtheProcessTherapyModel(forclinicalapplications)byusingdifferentterminology,referencingPaulWareandcallingthePersonalityTypeAdaptations:Doubters,Overreactors,Workaholics,Manipulators,Disapprovers,Daydreamers,andaddaseventh,Cyclers;(2)describedanddiagrammedtheminiscriptintermsofthreedegreesofdistresswords,tones,gestures,andfacialexpressionsaregivenforeach,aswellaslifepositions,myths,androles;(3)offeredhowtoassessaclient:Quadrize,Contactize,andDriverize;(4)created,presentedandexplainedtheAssessingMatrixTM:theverticalaxisisforgoal,thehorizontalforpeople.Activeindicatesinitiatingandinternalmotivation,whilePassiveindicatesexternalmotivation;(5)placedThoughts,Feelings,Reactions,andActionstheAssessingMatrix;(6)placedDriversontheAssessingMatrix;(7)putOverreactors,Doubters,Disapprovers,Manipulators,Daydreamers,Workaholics,andCyclerson


theAssessingMatrix;(8)suggestedtraits,Drivers,stoppers(functionalscriptinjunctions),rackets,games,scripts,anddynamicsforeachType;(9)showedDriversandscriptsontheAssessingMatrix;(10)providedatableforwhatpositivetransaction(Channel)andcontactareatousewitheachType;(11)gaveatableforthecontact,target,andtrapforeachType;and(12)offeredatablefortherapistclientpotentiallyincompatibleAdaptations.

In1978ItheorizedthatpersonalitystructureiscomprisedofsixPersonalityTypes;discoveranddefinePhasesandPhasing;andbeginresearch.ForseveralyearsIhadbeenconceivingofpersonalitystructureasalayeringofsix"positive"PersonalityTypeswithineachindividual.Iwasnotjustlookingatclinical,distressed,ormaladaptivebehaviorsofpeople,butatallthepositivebehaviorsaswell.Ivisualizedasixfloorhouse,withadifferentsetofpositivepersonalitytraitsoneachfloor.IhypothesizedwhatthesepositivetraitswouldbeforeachofsixPersonalityTypes,thatIcalledReactors,Workaholics,Persisters,Dreamers,Rebels,andPromoters.(Inowwantedneutralterms,asIwasnotjustfocusingonmypreviousTAclinicalminiscriptviewofthem.)Suchhypothesizedtraitsincluded:characterstrengths,positiveegostates(personalityparts)andpositivetransactions(channelsofcommunication),perceptions,environmentalpreferences,managementandinteractionstyles,facialexpressions,home/officepreferences,andpsychologicalneedmotivators.Iwasnolongerlookingatjustasinglenegativepatternofapersonclinically,butratherseeingeachpersonashavingapersonalitystructuremadeupofsixPersonalityTypesavailabletohim,insomemeasurableorder.AsIcontemplatedthis,Iaskedmyselfquestionafterquestion:Whyarepeoplemotivatedbydifferentpsychologicalneedsatdifferenttimesintheirlives?WhydoesntapersonsprimaryDrivereverchangeeventhoughheorshemighthaveadifferentdistresssequence?Whydoesapersonhaveadifferentscriptatdifferenttimesintheirlife?Whydosomepeopledemonstratenotjustonebuttwodistresssequences,

dependinguponthelevelofdistresstheyareunder?

AsIaskedmyselfthesequestions,Ithoughtofhowmanypeoplechangethroughouttheirlifetime,asifgoingthroughpassagesgrowingfromthepaindifferentinattitude,butsameintheirbasicstructure.Irememberedwhatseemedlikedifferentphasesofmylife.AsIdid,IrealizedthatineachofthesephasesIhadadifferentminiscriptsequence,aswellasdifferentpsychologicalneeds,althoughIwasbasicallythesameperson.

Ihadaburstofinsight.PeoplestartoutwiththeminiscriptthatmatchesthefirstorBaseflooroftheirsixfloorpersonalitycondominium.Whentheydontgetthepsychologicalneed(s)associatedwiththePersonalityTypeonthatfloormetpositively,theyshowtheminiscriptofthatTypeinordertogetthesameneedmetnegatively.

Furthermore,eachminiscripthasakeyissueassociatedwithit.Ifapersondoesnotdealwiththatissue,hewillbestuckinthatfloorrelatedminiscript.Whenhefinallyexperiencestheunderlyingauthenticfeelingandresolvestheissue,hewillthenPhasetohisnextfloor,andhaveanewminiscript,newpotentialissue,andnewpsychologicalneedmotivationinhislife.Hestillwillhavetherelativeorderofpositivecharacteristicsoftheirpersonalitystructure,justmore.

Researchwasneeded.Thetimingwasperfect.IhadbeenhiredbyDr.TerryMcGuire,NASAspsychiatristinchargeofselectionandcrewmanagement,toworkwithhiminchoosingastronauts.Hundredsofthebestofthebestwerebeinginterviewed,butweneededamoreefficientselectionprocess.NASAhelpedfundaresearchvalidationofapencilandpaperinventorytodowhatweweredoinginperson.Itgavemetheopportunitytoexpandintononclinicalapplications,aswellastestmyhypotheses.

Theresearchtookseveralyears.Byearly1982theresearchwascompletedwithinterestingresults(Kahler,1982b).Nowthe1972researchmadesense.WhenIwentbacktoitandinsertedthenewhypothesis,


thedatabecamesignificantatthe>.01level(Kahler,2008,p.271).ThereasonthatIdidnotgetthecorrelationalsignificanceatfirstwasthatIdidntfactorinPhasinginlife.Forexample,onlyoneoutofthreepeoplewithaPleaseyoudriver(BaseReactorPersonalityType)willhavealloftheaforementionedminiscriptbehaviors,becausetheyhavenotPhased.TwooutofthreeoftheseReactorswillhavePhased,andconsequentlywillhaveadifferentdistresssequencethatofthefloorPersonalityTypeofthePhase.ThePersonalityPatternInventoryTMwasvalidatedbothforclinicalandnonclinicalapplications(Kahler,1982b).

TheseresearchfindingsincludedconfirmationofthesixpositivePersonalityTypes,eachwithitsownmeasuredamountofenergyandorderofcharacterstrengths,environmentalpreference,perception,psychologicalneeds,managementstyle,personalitypart,andchannel.TheresearchalsoidentifiedthenormalmanagementdistresssequenceofthecurrentPhasetheindividualisin,aswellastheseveremanagementdistresssequenceofhisfirstfloorBasePersonalityType.IvalidatedthateachPersonalityTypehasacertainpsychologicalneed(s),andthatwhennotmetpositively,theindividualwillattempttogettheverysameneed(s)metnegativelywithorwithoutawareness.ThisshowedhowandwhyPCMcouldaccuratelypredictdistressbehaviorsinastronautsandtherestofus.

In1982IwroteandpublishedtheProcessCommunicationManagementSeminarwithprofilereport(Kahler,1982a)andtheProcessCommunicationModelSeminarwithprofilereport(Kahler,1983),eachcomputergeneratedbypaperandpencilPersonalityPatternInventory(Kahler,1982b).Theresultsoftheresearchstudieswereputinseminarmaterial,copyrightedandregistered,withthefirst3dayseminarinApril,1982.InattendanceweresuchTAnotablesasHedgesCapers,MichaelBrown,andLucieKing.

Thedatathatwasderivedfromtheresearchincludedthefollowing:

(1)PersonalityTypesarecorrelatedtobothpositiveandnegativebehaviors.PaulWares3DoorsareshowntobesixmutuallyexclusiveDoors,behaviorallyobservableasperceptions;

WareDoorsKahlerResearchPerceptions

FeelingsEmotions

ThoughtsThoughtsOpinions

ActionsBehaviorsReactions(likes/dislike)Inactions(reflections)

Inotherwords,eachtimeapersonisinanOKOKplace(i.e.,ononeofthepersonalityfloorsofhis/hercondominium),s/heenergizesthatperceptionandexperienceslifethatway,asreflectedbybehaviorsespeciallywords.ThefollowinggivesabeginningunderstandingofthesePersonalityTypeperceptionwords(Kahler,1982a).

Thoughts(logic)floor:IthinkWhatoptionsDoesthatmeanWhoWhatWhenWherefactsinformationdatatimeframes

Emotions(compassion)floor:IfeelImcomfortablewithIcarehappysadIloveclosefamily

Opinions(values)floor:InmyopinionWeshouldIbelieverespectvaluesadmirationcommitmentdedicationtrust

Inactions(reflections)floor:NotsureWaitformoredirectionHoldbackEasypaceOwnspaceDoesntmatterYourchoice

Reactions(likes/dislikes)floor:WowIlikeIdontlike[hate]Dontwant[fun,slangphrases]CantstandGreat!Yes!

Actions(initiatives)floor:BottomlineMakeithappenGoforitEnoughtalkGiveityourbestshot[imperatives]

(2)EachTypehas:astrongestpositiveegostate,apositivetransactionituses,threesignificantcharacterstrengths,anenvironmentalpreference,andmanagementstyle;


(3)Predictability.Psychologicalneed(s)areidentifiedforeachPhaseType(whennotmetpositively,resultinthatsamePhaseTypeminiscript2ndor3rddegreebehavior).Negative:eachTypehasitsown3degreedistresssequence(miniscript),withitsownDriver,FailureMechanism,role,myth,injunctions,games,majorracket,negativeegostate(VC,CP,orAC),Script,andPayoff.Thesebehaviorswerepresentedinmanagement(PCM)andclinicalpresentations(PTM);

(4)WareAdaptations(1983).Connectionswereidentifiedtoclassicaldiagnoses:ReactorminiscriptcouldwarrantHystericaldiagnosis;WorkaholicminiscriptcouldwarrantObsessiveCompulsivediagnosis;PersisterminiscriptcouldwarrantParanoiddiagnosis;Dreamerminiscriptcouldwarrantschizoiddiagnosis;RebelminiscriptcouldwarrantPassiveAggressivediagnosis;andPromoterminiscriptcouldwarrantAntisocialdiagnosis;

(5)Newscriptingevidence.ThereexistsasignificantcorrelationbetweenaDriverandasinglePersonalityType.Inotherwords,agivenPersonalityTypewillhaveaspecificDriverandassociatedwithit,nomatterwhatthescriptingisoftheparents.Forexample,WorkaholicBaseindividualswillhaveaprimaryBeperfectDriver,nomatterwhatinjunctionsorcounterinjunctionsaredeliveredbytheirparents.Therefore,averbal,consciousdecisionofacounterscriptinresponsetothe(parental)environmentasoriginallyproposedbySteiner(1966)andthenothers(e.g.,JoinesandStewart(2002))isnotsubstantiatedbyresearchcorrelations.However,parentsmaywellpassonsecondaryDriversandsecondaryinjunctions,aswellasinfluencewithotherenvironmentalfactorstheorderofPersonalityTypesmakinguptheindividualsstructure;

(6)Whenthepsychologicalneed(s)ofthePhasearenotmetpositively,apersonappearstoattempttogetthesameone(s)metnegatively,andwithapredictableminiscriptsequence,thetemplateofwhichvariesforinjunctions[dependingonthosedealtwithinpreviousPhasesandthosereinforcedbyparents],games,andscripts[e.g.,aReactorBasepersoninaRebel

PhasewillnothaveanAlwaysscript,butratheranAlmostI];

(7)PrimaryDriversandPersonalityTypes.ThereisoneandonlyoneprimaryDriverassociatedwitheachPersonalityType:twoParentDriversandfourChildDrivers,oneforeachType.AllotherDriversservelittlepurposeclinically;

(8)HowtoidentifyaDriver:AllfivebehavioralcuesarerequiredtoconfirmtheDriver.Drivershavenorackets(feelings),lastonlyasecondortwo,precedeCP,VC,orAC[+],andreinforceabehaviorallifepositionofOKifThefollowingsimplifiesDriveridentification(Kahler,1982a).

WorkaholicType:BeperfectforyouOverqualifyingstatement:Imnotexactlysure.

ReactorType:PleaseyouOveradapted:Maybeyoucould

PersisterType:Beperfectforme Overqualifyingquestion:Whatexactlydoyou?

RebelType:TryhardforyouNotwantingtounderstand:Huh...Idontgetit.

DreamerType:BestrongforyouStatementsuggestingothersorthingsareresponsibleforthoughtsorfeelings:Ithurts.Itcametome.Thatfeels.

PromoterType:BestrongformeYouwhenreferencingself:Whenyourepresenting,you

(9)ConfrontingDrivers.SinceDriverbehaviormaybelinkedto2nddegreeimpasseconsequences,pointingouttheDriverisnotadvisable;norismerelygivingpermissiontostopit.DriversaremostoftenanadvertisementthattheindividualisrunningoutofenergyattemptingtorespondtooffersfromaPersonalityBaseTypedifferentfromhis/hers.Inotherwords,whenapositivetransactionand/orperceptionisofferedthatrequirestheindividualtomovetothatreceivingfloor,andtheindividualhasnottheenergytodoso(thisbandwidthenergyisverifiableandidentifiedbyourinventoryforegostate,transaction,andperception),s/hewillshowtheDriverofhis/herBasePersonalityType,thusele


gantlyadvertisingtotheotherpersonwhatpositivetransactionandperceptionwouldbeaccepted.Forexample,aWorkaholicBase(A Awiththoughts)individualwithReactor(+NP FCwithemotions)onhisfourthfloor,hasrunoutofenergytomovetothatfloor,foranynumberofpossiblereasonsperhapsheisseeingaRogeriantherapistorReactorBasetherapist,whonaturallyusesoftenhis/herownfavoritetransactionandperception(+NP FCwithemotions)(Kahler,1982a).

ConfrontingDrivers

ThefollowingareexamplesofeachDriver,followedbythecombinationofperceptionandtransactionalofferaimedatthePersonalityTypeBaseadvertisedbythatDriver:

Tryhard(C):Huh.IdontgetDrivers.

FC FC+Reactions(likes/dislikes):Weh!IhateitwhenIdontgetit.Pleaseyou(C):MaybeyoucouldsaymoreaboutDrivers.

+NP FC+Emotions:Thankyou.IfeelDriversareimportanttoreview.Beperfect(C):ImnotexactlysurewhataDriveris.

A A+Thoughts:IthinkareviewofDriverswouldbegoodinformationforusall.DoyouhaveapreferenceastowhichDriverwediscussfirst?Beperfect(P):WhatexactlyisaDriver?

A A+Opinions:ThebeliefinProcessTherapyisthataDriverisabehaviorthatstartsadistresssequences.Dobelievethatcouldbeofvalueinfamilycommunications?Bestrong(C):ItoccurredtomethateveryoneshowsDrivers.

+CP A+Inactions(reflections):Reflectonit,andimaginehoweveryoneshowsaDriver.Bestrong(P):Youwanttogetoutofthislectureandmakeithappen.

CP A+Actions:Goforit.

(10)EvidencesupportstheconceptthatpersonalitystructureiscomprisedofsixPersonalityTypes,inorder,likenedtoasixfloorPersonalityCondominium,withastrongestBaseTypeandPhase,whichdeterminestheforegroundpsychologicalneedsanddeterminesthecorrespondingminiscript.(720positivecondominiumorders,eachwithsixpossiblePhaseType,equaling4,320totalpersonalitycombinations;however,onlysixminiscripts,eachvaryinginPhasegames,injunctions,andscripts);

(11)Connectingwiththeclient.WhateverPersonalityTypeisBase(firstfloor),iswheretoconnectwiththeclient.PaulWare(2009)agreesthatthiscorrespondstohisContactDoor,butexpandedtoincludeoneofthesixperceptions.Inotherwords,atherapistinterestedinmovingintoaclientsframeofreferencehassixpairsofperceptionplustransactionfromwhichtochoose.ThisassessmentcanbefacilitatedbyknowingthecorrelatedbehaviorsofeachPersonalityType(Kahler,1982a);

(12)Interpretingtheclientsdistress.WhateverthePhaseisdeterminesthecorrespondingminiscriptdistresstheclientisin,therebytargetingforthetherapistthecorrespondinginjunctions,games,failuremechanisms,rackets,myth,role,andscript;

(13)DontassumeagivenAdaptationhasacertaininjunction.(Ware,1983;Joines,1986).MaryGouldingbelievedthatanyonecouldhaveanyoftheinjunctions,whileshetoldmethatBobGouldingconsideredthattheremaybecertaininjunctionscorrelatedwithdifferentdiagnoses.(Goulding,1982,2008).Myfindingsindicatedtheywerebothright.

BasePersonalityTypeshaveagivenprimaryinjunction,nomatterwhattheinjunctionscriptingoftheparents.ThisisbecausethisbasicinjunctionservestodefendagainstthedealinginahealthywayofthemoreimportantissueofthePersonalityType.

Secondaryinjunctionsmayalsobeinherent,andmaywellincludethepassingonofparentalinjunctionsidentifiedinclassical


T.A.(Steiner,1966).ThefollowingtableidentifiesthecorrelationsfortheBasePersonalityTypeandprimaryinjunctions.(ThesecorrelationswouldalsoberelevantfortheassociatedAdaptations).

Miniscript/AdaptationandInjunction

BaseTypePrimaryinjunction

DreamerDontmakeit

PromoterDontbeclose

PersisterDonttrust

ReactorDontfeelanger

RebelDontgrowup

WorkaholicDontfeelgrief

PhasePersonalityTypes(currentfloordeterminingpositivepsychologicalneeds,andcorrespondingforsamenegativeneeds,asreflectedinthatTypeminiscript)showalayeringeffectofinjunctions,games,andscripts.Therefore,sincetwothirdsofthegeneralpopulationhaveadifferentBaseandPhase,onecannotassumethatagivenAdaptationthereforehasagiveninjunction.(ThisisalsotrueforassumingthatwecanlookatatablelistingAdaptationswithagivenscriptorgame.)Furthermore,sincetheAdaptationisdeterminedbythePhase,onecannotlookupthatAdaptationonatable,andthenmakecontactusingthatsuggestedperception(Door)andtransaction,becausetheBasePersonalityTypeisstillthecontactareaforperceptionandtransaction.

Forexample,consideraWorkaholic(Base)inasecondfloorRebelPhase.WecontactclientsatBase.Inthiscase,usingA A,andintheperceptionofthoughts.(Remember,shouldweusetoooftenotherpositivetransactionsorotherperceptionsthatthisclientrunsoutofpsychicenergytowhichtorespond,s/hewillalertuswiththeBaseBeperfectDriver.ThisremindsustoreturntoA Aandthoughts.)

RebelPhasemeansthatthispersonspsychologicalneedsarenowplayfulcontacthumor,fun,play,creativity,sports,music,art,etc.TheminiscriptisthereforethatalsoofaRebel,whichifintenseenoughcouldwarrantadiagnosisofPassiveAggressive

Adaptation.WeknowthatthisWorkaholicPhasedearlierinlifebyhavingamajorloss,spenttimerepressingorsuppressingsadness,probablysabotagedarelationshiporajob,andfinallygrieved,thusPhasingtohis/hernextfloor,whichhappenedtobeRebel.

AlthoughaBaseRebelwouldhaveaprimaryinjunctionofDontgrowup,aBaseWorkaholicinaRebelPhase(WorkaholicRebel)wouldnothavethisinjunction.Whynot?BecausetheWorkaholichasgrownup(infact,alwayswasgrownup),becausehis/herthoughtsperceptionpermeatestheworldthroughtheAdult,aidedbycharactertraitsofbeingresponsible,logical,andorganized.ThisWorkaholicRebelwouldhavenoprimaryinjunction,butinterestingly,wouldhaveacarryoversecondaryBaseinjunctionofDontenjoy,plusnowwhateverparental(i.e.,environmental)secondaryinjunctions.ThiswouldalertthetherapistastowhythisclientisnotlikelytobesuccessfultotallyingettingRebelPhasepsychologicalneedofcontactmetpositively.Thisclientcanhavefun,butnotcontinuetheenjoyment.And,s/heislikelyusingthelackofjoyasfueltoblamesomeoneelse.(Thisstructureisoftengivenrisetothephrasemidlifecrises);

(15)Whattoavoid.WhateveristhesixthflooroftheindividualsPersonalityCondominiumdetermineswhatthetherapistshouldavoidaddressing,intermsofofferingtherelatedpositivetransactionandperception.Thiswouldalsoincludeexpectingtheclienttobeabletocathectorutilizethatfloorrelatedegostateorcharacterstrengths.Evidenceoftheclientsinability(i.e.,notvisitingthesixthfloorveryoften,andhenceleaststrongthere)torespondonthissixthfloorwouldbetheclientcounteringwiththeDriverofhis/herBasePersonalityType.PaulWare(2009)nowagreesthatthiscorrespondstohisTrapDoor,thusexpandingthreetosixtoavoidpossibilitiesofperception,andincludingtheassociatedtransactiontoavoid;

(16)Howtotreatscripts.ThescriptofthePhaseisformedbythecombinationsoftheBaseandPhaseDrivers(aswellasanyfloorTypesinbetween).However,recallthatascriptdoesnotbecomeaproblemunless


2ndor3rddistressisinvolved.Andthemostcommonreasonapersonexperiencesthislevelofdistressisthats/heissettlingforgettinghis/herpsychologicalneedsmetnegatively,whenthosesamepsychologicalneedswerenotmetpositively.

Therefore,thebesttreatmentfordealingwiththescriptissimplytogetthepsychologicalneedsofthePhasemetpositivelyonaregularbasis.(AnyinjunctionsinhibitingthisshouldbeaddressedsothatthepositivesatisfyingofthesePhaseneedscanaffordsocialcontrolandsymptomaticrelieftotheclient,aswellashelpingtoavoidplayingoutthescriptwiththetherapist.)

IoriginallythoughtthatpermissionsandsocialcontrolAdultdecisionswerethewaytodealwithscripts.Forexample,withtheUntilscript:1)Dotheworknowwithclient,notlater;2)Keepworkshort;OKtoworkbeforeitsallfigured.

IwassoquotedinStanWoollamsandMichaelBrownsTA:Thetotalhandbookoftransactionalanalysis(WoollamsandBrown,1979).Theydevotedanentiresectiontomywork:Unit10,TheScriptinAction:ProcessandContentpp.191216,andlistScriptDisruptions,identifyingthecontentofmyseverallecturesattheirHuronValleyInstitute.

ThisoutdatedreferencewasunintentionallycreditedtoBrownandWoollamsandpropagatedinPersonalityAdaptations(StewartandJoines,2002,p.201).

FundamentalsofPersonalityStructure:thesixPersonalityTypes

By1982theidentificationoftheProcessTherapyModelpresentationshadbecomecomputerized.Thereare720waysoforderingthesixPersonalityTypestoformanindividualspersonalitycondominium.FirstfloorisconsideredtheBaseType.

ThePersonalityPatternInventory(PPI)(Kahler,1982b)measurestherelativeamountofenergyavailableoneachfloorneededtocathectthecorrespondingegostate,positivetransactionandperception.

Anexampleof1ofthese720combinationsfollows:aBaseReactor,secondfloorWorkaholic,thirdfloorPersister,fourthfloor

floorDreamer,fifthfloorRebel,andsixthfloorPromoter.Inordertogiveallsixminiscripttemplatevariations,Iwillpresenthowthispersonspersonalitydynamicswouldbothremainthesame(i.e.,orderofpositiveegostates,positivetransactions,perceptions,andcharacterstrengths)throughouthislifetime,buthowhisdistressedbehaviorwouldlookifhehadPhasedfivetimes.Phasingoccurswhen:

(1)wearepresentedinlifewithanunresolvedissuefromachildhoodDevelopmentalStage(Kahler,2008);(2)donotdealinahealthywaywithit;(3)stayin2nddegreePhaseTypeminiscriptbehaviorintenselyandconsistently,sooftenastowarrantalabelofanAdaptation;(4)finallyexperiencetheunderlyingauthenticemotion,whichliftsusuptothenextPersonalityTypefloorinourcondominium,resultinginnewpsychologicalneeds,andanewpotentialminiscriptwithitsrelatedissue.

Whatisimportanttonoticeishowtheinjunctions,games,andscriptsvaryasafunctionofthispersonspersonalitycondominiumstructure.ItshowsclearlyhowwecannotmakesimpletablelistsofAdaptationscomparedtoinjunctions,games,andscripts,butratherneedtoseetheentirepersonalitystructurepictureoftheindividual.


IfthisReactorBaseclientwerealsoinaReactorPhase,theminiscriptwouldbe:

PsychologicalNeeds:


RecognitionofpersonandSensory

1stDriver:Pleaseyou

DefenseMechanism:Introjection

2ndFailureMechanism:Makesmistakes

WarningSignals:Invitescriticism.

Showsselfdoubt.

Myth:Youcanmakemefeelbademotionally.

Position:ImNotOKYoureOK

Mask:Drooper(AC)

Majorrackets:Sad.Confused.

Role:VictimlookingforaPersecutor.

Games*:Kickme.Stupid.

Primaryinjunction*:Dontfeelangry.

PotentialSecondaryinjunctions*:

Dontbeimportant.Dontgrowup.

3rdPayoff:

Feelsunconditionallyrejectedasaperson.

Depressedandunloved.

Script*:After

*TheProcessTherapyModelProfileTM,generatedfromtheclientsPersonalityPatternInventory,identifieseachoftheseelements,whichvaryforeachcombinationofBaseandPhase.

Myth:FromFourMyths,(Kahler,1978a,b)

Role:FromtheDramaTriangle,(Karpman,1968)

IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaWorkaholicPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:

PsychologicalNeeds:

RecognitionofworkandTimestructure

1stDriver:Beperfectforyou

DefenseMechanism:Rationalization

2ndFailureMechanism:Overcontrols

WarningSignals:Frustratedwithotherwhodontthinkclearly.

Myth:Icanmakeyoufeelbademotionally.

Position:ImOKYoureNotOK

Mask:Attacker(CP)

Majorracket:Frustratedlyangry.

Role:PersecutorlookingforaVictim.

Games*:NIGYSOB.Uproar.

Primaryinjunction*:


Donthavefun.Dontenjoy.Dontgrow

Dontgrowup.Dontbeimportant

3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegativerecognitionforworkorideas.

Depressedandworthless.

Script:AlmostII(professional)

Note:ThereisnoPrimaryinjunctionofDontfeelgrief,asthisisnotaproblemforthePhasedReactor.SecondaryinjunctionsfromtheReactorBasenowincludeDontgrowupandDontbeimportant.AlthoughtheprimaryscriptforaWorkaholicisUntil,aReactorinaWorkaholicPhasewillnotexperienceanUntil,butratheraprofessionalAlmostII.

IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaPersisterPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:

PsychologicalNeeds:

RecognitionofworkandConviction

1stDriver:Beperfectforme

DefenseMechanism:Projection

2ndFailureMechanism:Pushesbeliefs

WarningSignals:Frustratedwithotherswhodontbelievethesame.

Myth:Icanmakeyoufeelbademotionally.


Mask:Attacker(CP)

Majorracket:Righteouslyangry.


Games*:NIGYSOB.Whydontyou.

Primaryinjunction*:Donttrust


Donthavefun.Dontenjoy.


3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegative

recognitionforworkorconvictions.

Depressedandhopeless.

Script:AlmostII(personal)

Note:ThesecondaryinjunctionsforaPersisterBaseincludedDontbelongandDontbeclose.AsthisclienthasPhasedthroughReactor,theseinjunctionsnolongerareproblematic.AndasthisclienthasPhasedthroughWorkaholic,DontbeimportantandDontgrowuphavealsobeendealtwith.AlthoughtheprimaryscriptforaPersisterisUntil,aReactor,Workaholic,inaPersisterPhasewillnotexperienceanUntil,butratheranAlmostIIinpersonallife.

IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaDreamerPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:

PsychologicalNeed:Solitude

1stDriver:Bestrongforyou

DefenseMechanism:Dissociation

2ndFailureMechanism:Withdraws

WarningSignals:Passivelywaits.

Doesntinitiate.

Myth:Youcanmakemefeelbademotionally.

Position:ImNotOKYoureOK

Mask:Drooper(AC)

Majorracket:Insignificant.Inadequate.

Role:VictimlookingforaPersecutor.

Games*:

Primaryinjunction*:

PotentialSecondaryinjunction*:

Donthavefun.

3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegative

solitude.Depressedandlistless.

Script:Never

Note:TheprimaryinjunctionforaDreamerBaseisDontmakeit,andsecondaryinjunctionofDontbeimportant,bothofwhichhavebeendealtwithbyhaving

PhasedthroughWorkaholic.TheothersecondaryinjunctionsforaDreamerBaseincludeDontbelongandDontbelose.

AsthisclienthasPhasedthroughReactor,theseinjunctionsnolongerareproblematic.AlthoughtheprimaryscriptforaPersisterisUntil,aReactor,Workaholic,inaPersisterPhasewillnotexperienceanUntil,butratheranAlmostIIinpersonallife.Alsonoticethateventhoughavictimlookingforapersecutor,nogamesareidentified,asthispersonwithdrawsindistress,notneedingtransactionalgamedynamicstointernalizepersecution.

IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaRebelPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:

PsychologicalNeed:Playfulcontact

1stDriver:Tryhardforyou

DefenseMechanism:Displacement

2ndFailureMechanism:Blames

WarningSignals:Negativeandcomplaining.

Blameless.

Myth:Youcanmakemefeelbademotionally,soIllmakeyoufeelworse.


Mask:Blamer(VC)

Majorracket:Vengeful.Bored.


Games*:Yesbut.SWYMMD,IIWFY,Corner,Schlemiel

Primaryinjunction*:

PotentialSecondaryinjunction*:Donthavefun.

3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegativecontact.Depressedandhelpless.

Script:Always

Note:TheprimaryinjunctionforRebelBaseisDontgrowup,andsecondaryofDontmakeit,bothofwhicharedealtwithhavingPhasedthroughWorkaholic.TheRebelsecondaryinjunctionofDontbecloseisdealtwithhavingPhasedthroughReactor.TheWorkaholicandPersistersecondaryinjunctionofDonthavefunstilllingers


ironicallyasapossibleinjunctionforthisRebelPhaseclient.

IfthisReactorBaseclientPhasesagain,s/hewouldbeinaPromoterPhase,andtheminiscriptwouldbe:

PsychologicalNeed:Incidence

1stDriver:Bestrongforme

DefenseMechanism:Seduction

2ndFailureMechanism:Manipulates

WarningSignals:Setsuparguments.

Createsnegativedrama.

Myth:Icanmakeyoufeelbademotionally,


Mask:Blamer(VC)

Majorracket:Vindictive.


Games*:LYHF,RAPO,Schlimazel

Primaryinjunction*:

PotentialSecondaryinjunction*:

3rdPayoff:Experiencesnegativeincidenceanddrama.Depressedandabandoned.

Script:Always

Note:TheprimaryinjunctionforPromoterBaseisDontbeclose,andsecondaryofDontbelong,bothofwhicharedealtwithhavingPhasedthroughReactor.ThePromotersecondaryinjunctionofDontmakeisdealtwithhavingPhasedthroughWorkaholic.ThePromotersecondaryinjunctionofDonttrustisdealtwithhavingPhasedthroughPersister.ThepassedalongWorkaholicandPersistersecondaryinjunctionofDonthavefunisdealtwithhavingPhasedthroughRebel.Othersecondaryinjunctionsfromparentsmaywarrantinvestigating.

From1978to1982IlecturedontheseProcessModelconceptsatTAConferences,Institutes,trainings,andinvitationalgatherings;amongthem:August1978,attheI.T.A.A.Conference,Montreal,Canada;July1979,atthe5thAnnualEuropeanAssociationofTransactionalAnalysis,Paris,France;

August1979,attheI.T.A.A.Conference,Snowmass,CO.;December1979,atthe7thAnnualMidwestT.A.Conference,Dearborn,MI.;January1980,attheWinterCongressoftheInternationalTransactionalAnalysisAssociationConference,SanAntonio,TX.;February1982,attheDivisiondeEstudiosSuperiores,FacultaddeContraduriaYAdministracion,UniversidadAutonomadeChihuahua,Mexico;August1982,attheEuropeanTransactionalAnalysisBusinessConference,Ibiza,Spain.

DuringtheseyearsmyaudiencesincludedVannJoinesandIanStewart.Vann,whenIpresentedmyProcessModelofsixPersonalityTypesathisSoutheastInstituteinChapelHill,andIanwhenItrainedinLondon,Englandin1981.AsIanwritesintheprefaceofhisandVannsbook,PersonalityAdaptations(2002),Aboveall,IwanttoacknowledgetheworkandgenerosityofTaibiKahlerPhD,who,alongwithPaulWareMD,developedmuchofthematerialdescribedinthisbook.ItwasTaibiwho(atamemorabletrainingworkshopinLondon,1981)firstbroughthometomethepowerandusefulnessofthemodelofpersonalityAdaptationsandtherelatedideasthatmakeuphisProcessModel.(AlthoughJoinesandStewartagreethatwhattheycalltheProcessModelintheirbookismywork,confusionhasarisen,primarilyduetotheirreferencingmyProcessModel,mostlyinitsoutdated,1970spublications.)

In1983PaulWarepresentedhistheoryofPersonalityAdaptations,publishedintheJanuaryissueoftheTransactionalAnalysisJournal(Ware).

PaulandIhadlittlecontactfrom1978to1998,aswewerebothbusywithourcareersPaulwithclinicaltraining,privatepractice,andhospitalwork,andmewithstartingaU.S.andinternationalbusiness.SoPaulwasnotawareofmyresearch,whichhadclassifiedhisDoorsintosixmutuallyexclusiveperceptions,eachcorrelatedtoaPersonalityType,withitsownpositivetransaction,northateachTypehadaprimaryDriverandscriptinjunctioncorrelatedtoit.

PaulisnowinagreementwiththeProcessModelpresentations,includingthatthe


orderofthesecondandthirdDoorsforeachAdaptationmayvary,dependingonwhattheorderoffloors26areinapersonsPersonalityCondominium.Forexample,althoughmostHystericalAdaptations[distressedReactorPersonalityType]willhavethoughtsasthenextDoorstatistically,somewillhaveadifferentPersonalityTypeastheirsecondfloor,resultinginopinions[Persister],reactions[Rebel],actions[Promoter],orinactions[Dreamer]next.

TheIssueistheTarget

In1985IdiscoveredtheissueforeachPhaseType,andbegancollectingdata.Ihypothesizedtheearlydecisionimpasseforeachminiscript.

IfoundthatiftheclientdoesnotaddressthePhaseissue(immediately)withanauthenticresponse,heorshecovers(repressesorsuppresses)itwiththesamePhaseminiscript,stayingatseconddegreeoftenandintenselyenoughtowarrantanAdaptationlabel.Theseissuesarethetargetdoorforthetherapist.ThisclarifieswhichauthenticemotionandearlydecisionisinvolvedintreatmentforeachType.

Thepreviouslyhypothesizedtargetdoormaybeabyproductoftherapy,butnotthetargetissue.Inotherwords,thetargetisthedistressed,unresolvedissue.DealingwiththisissueresultsinthepersonPhasingtothenextflooroftheircondominium,inwhicharehousedthepositiveperceptualDoorsofthoughts,opinions,emotions,reactions,actions,orinactions.So,WaresterminologyoftheTargetDoorisnottheclinicaltarget,buttheresultingpositiveevidenceofthenewPhasefloorperception,indicatingthatthepersonhasdealtwiththeoldPhaseissue.PaulWarenowagreeswiththis(Ware,2009).

Thefollowingtableidentifiestheissuethatwillcausetheminiscript/Adaptation[distressed]behavioruntilthatissueisresolved.AtwhichtimethepersonwillPhasetothenextfloorofhis/hercondominiumandhaveanewpsychologicalneedandnewminiscript.NotethateachissueistheonlykeytoPhasingforthatPhase.Notealsothatafeelingmaybearacketorauthentic,dependingwhetheritisexperi

encedfromanegativeegostateorpositiveone.

MiniscriptPhaseEmotion

[Adaptation][Targetissue][Racket][Auth.]

Reactorangersadangry[Hysterical]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,IfIexpressmyangeratyou,Iwillhavehurtyourfeelingsand/oryouwillrejectme.ThereforeIwillpleaseyouandholdinanger.

Workaholiclossfrustratedlyangrysad[ObsessiveCompulsive]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,IfIdontdothethinkingforyou,thensomethingbadwillhappen.ThereforeIwillbeperfectandnotmakeanymistakes,andaslongasIamcriticalofyounotthinkingclearlyIcanavoidmygrief.

Persisterfearrighteouslyangryafraid[Paranoid]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,IfIdontmakesureyoubelievetherightwayanddotherightthings,thensomethingbadwillhappen.ThereforeIexpectyoutobeperfectandnotdothewrongthing,andaslongasIampreachingatyou,Icanavoidmyownfears.Dreamerautonomyinsignificantpotent[Schizoid]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,Thingsandpeoplecanmakemefeelbad.ThereforeIwillwithdraw,andasIbecomepassiveIcanavoidmakingmyowndecisions.Rebelresponsibilityvengefulsorry[PassiveAggressive]Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe,Ifyoudontdothethinkingforme,thenIwontbehappy.ThereforeIwilljustTryhard.Whenyoudontmakemefeelgood,thenitsyourfaultIfeelbad,andaslongasIblameyouIcanavoidtakingresponsibilityformakingmyselffeelgoodorfeelbad.Promoterbondingvindictiveintimate[Antisocial]


Probableimpasse:Theearlydecisionislikelytobe:Thingsandpeoplecanmakeyoufeelbad.Thereforeyouwillhavetobestrongandabandonanyonewhogetstooclose.AndaslongasIabandonyou,Icanavoidintimacyandbondingwithyou.

PersonalityAdaptations

In1986VannJoineswroteUsingredecisiontherapywithdifferentpersonalityadaptations,publishedintheTAJ(Joines,p.153).Hestated,PaulWaresuggestsapersoncanmanifestanyoftheAdaptationsandbehealthyorbeanywhereonthetraditionalcontinuumofpsychopathology.Joinesconcludes,Thus,theAdaptationsimplyneitherhealthnorpathology,butmerelyadaptivestyle.

Thiswasnot,noris,WaresconclusionorpositiononAdaptations.HehasalwaysviewedthetermAdaptationtorefertopsychopathologyandmaladjustment(1983,2009).

However,Ihaveemphasizedthat:(1)anindividualiscomprisedofsixPersonalityTypesmakinguphis/herpersonalitystructurecondominium,whichreflectsanImOKYoureOK,healthylifeposition(Kahler,1982a);(2)anindividualexhibitspredictabledistressed,sequentialminiscriptbehaviorwhennolongerinanOKOKposition(i.e.,outofthecondominium)(Kahler,1983);(3)miniscriptbehaviorcanbelabeledanAdaptationwhenitimpairsorsignificantlyinterfereswiththecapacitytomeettheordinarydemandsoflife(i.e.,whenconsideredadiagnosticAdaptation)(Kahler,1979b;Ware,1983);(4)intermsoflifepositions,thecondominiumreflectstheexistentiallifepositionofImOKYoureOK,whileaminiscript/AdaptationreflectsbehaviorallifepositionsofOKif,ImOKYoureNotOK,ImNotOKYoureOK,andImNotOKYoureNotOK(Kahler,1974;Ware,1983).

Joinesfurtherwrote,Thesixare:1)CreativeDaydreamer,traditionallycalledSchizoids;2)BrilliantSkeptics,traditionallycalledParanoids;3)CharmingManipulators,traditionallycalledAntisocials;4)PlayfulCritics,traditionallycalledPassiveAggressives;5)ResponsibleWorkaholics,traditionally

calledObsessiveCompulsives;and6)EnthusiasticOverreactorstraditionallycalled,Hysterics.

ThesetermsDaydreamers,Manipulators,Workaholics,andOverreactorsweretheonesIcoined,lecturedabout,andpublishedinProcessTherapyinBrief(Kahler,1979b).

Joinesstates,ThefirstthreeAdaptationsaredescribedasprimaryAdaptationsbecausetheydevelopinthefirstfiveyearsoflifeinresponsetohowparentsinteractwiththechild.WarebelievesthateveryindividualhasatleastoneoftheseprimaryorsurvivalAdaptations:i.e.,whenfeelingthreatened,eachpersonrevertstooneormoreoftheseAdaptations.ThelatterthreeAdaptationsaresecondarysincetheydevelopinthesecondthreeyearsoflifeinresponsetowhatparentsemphasizeabouthowtorelatetotheoutsideworld.

Joines(2009)nowbelievesthatAdaptationscannotonlybedevelopedduringthespecificdevelopmentalstageswherethedevelopmentalissueismostpronouncedbutalsoatanytimewherethatsameissueispresent.

PaulWare(2009)nowagreescompletelywithmyProcessTherapyModel:1)BasePersonalityTypeandcorrespondingminiscriptislikelypresentatbirth.AnAdaptationofthatTypecanoccurifthereissufficientpsychological/physicaldistressinthechildsenvironment.IntheUnitedStatespopulationofPersonalityTypes,30%areReactorBase(potentialHystericAdaptation),25%areWorkaholicBase(potentialObsessiveCompulsiveAdaptation],20%areRebelBase(potentialPassiveAggressiveAdaptation),10%arePersisterBase(potentialParanoidAdaptation),10%areDreamerBase(potentialSchizoidAdaptation),and5%areBasePromoters(potentialAntisocialAdaptation)(Kahler,2008);2)AnyPersonalityTypeBaseorPhasecanhavethedistressedbehaviortowarrantacorrespondingAdaptation;2)thereare36combinationsofBaseandPhase(outofapossible4,320Base/Phasecondominiumorders).Forexample,aWorkaholicBase(perception:thoughts,egostate:Adult,transaction:A A)ReactorPhase(motivatedby


recognitionofpersonandsensoryneeds)individualissusceptibletohavingaHystericAdaptationwhentheissueoffeelingauthenticangerisnotdealtwith.IftheBaseissueoflossisagainpresentedinlife,andthispersondoesnotfeelthesadness,thenanObsessiveCompulsiveAdaptationmaybewarranted;3)thatanAdaptationdiagnosisismostoftentheresultofanunresolvedPhaseissue,observableinsustained,intenseminiscriptbehavior.

JoinesfurtherspeculatesontheDriversandinjunctionsforeachAdaptation.However,PTMresearch(Kahler,1972,1982),publications,andlectureshadalreadyidentified

thateachDriverissignificantlycorrelatedtoonePersonalityType,irrespectiveofenvironmentalinfluences.Inotherwords,everyBaseFeeler(a.k.a.,HystericAdaptationwhenwarranted)willhaveaPleaseyouDriver,nomatterhowtheparentsscriptedher(Base)withtheircounterscriptsorDriversorinjunctions.Furthermore,nootherPersonalityType(i.e.,miniscript/Adaptation)willhaveaprimaryPleaseyouDriver.Parentalscriptinghowever,doesinfluencesecondaryinjunctions,andtheformationofthepossibleorderoffloors26.

TheAssessingMatrixTM


ProcessTherapyModelintegratedwithRedecisionandothertherapies.

AlthoughmypersonalpreferenceistheRedecisionTherapyapproach(GouldingandGoulding,1979),itisobviousthatPTMgoeshandinhandinmonitoringsecondbysecondtheexchangesbetweentherapistandclient,especiallyasDriversgivethe

indicationofwhatpositivetransactionplusperceptiontousenext.

APTMtherapististaughttomonitoreverytransactionwiththeclient:(1)Listentothecontent;(2)identifythePersonalityTypefloortransactionand/orperception(oriftheclientisindistress,thefirstdegreeDriverorseconddegreenegativeegostate


Mask);(3)respondwiththeappropriatetransactionandperceptiontothepreviousstep;and(4)attendtothecontent.

OfprimaryvaluetoRedecisiontherapistsisthatPTMidentifiestheminiscript/Adaptationtargetissue,alongwiththeinjunctions,andprobableearlyimpasserelateddecisionforeachofthesixminiscript/Adaptationtemplates.WhenanAdaptationiswarranted,thepersonislikelyPhasing,whichalertstheRedecisiontherapisttofocusontheissue.Injunctionssupporttheissue.WhenaclientisnotPhasing,thenfocusshouldbeontheinjunctionsthatareinhibitinggettingthePhasepsychologicalneedsmetpositively.

WhydopeoplePhase?IfapersondidnotsuccessfullycompletetheoriginalPhaserelatedDevelopmentalStageandissue(Kahler,2008),thenthisissueistestedagainlaterinlife.EvidenceofthisissustainedminiscriptbehaviortotheextentofbeingconsideredanAdaptation.ThepersonisPhasingatthistime,andwilluntils/heresolvestheissuebyexperiencingtheunderlyingauthenticemotion.

Onecontentmodelsizedoesnotfitall.AstheclassictherapyfilmcalledGloriavividlyshowed,thechoiceofanapproachdependsonthestructureoftheclient(ForaprocessinterpretationofEllis,Perls,andRogersworkingwithGloriasee,ProcessTherapy,2008,pp.226231).Thecautionwithusinganonprocessorientedsingulartherapymodelapproachisthatthetherapistsnaturaluseofperceptionandtransactionmaynotbewhattheclientneedsinresolvingagivenminiscript/Adaptationissue.Forexamples:

ARogerianTherapy(Rogers,1959)approachconnectswithFeelers(neeReactors;potentialHystericAdaptation),butexpressingauthenticangermustbeencouraged.

ACognitiveTherapy(Beck,1967)approachconnectswithThinkers(neeWorkaholics;potentialObsessiveCompulsiveAdaptation),butmayinhibittheexperiencingatafeelinglevelthesadnessrequiredtoresolvethelossissue.

ARationalEmotive(EllisandDryden,2007)approachconnectswithBelievers(neePer

sisters;potentialParanoidAdaptation),butmayinhibittheexperiencingatafeelinglevelthefearissue.

ABehaviorTherapy(LindsleyandSkinner,1954),approachcouldconnectwithDreamers(potentialSchizoidAdaptation)byfocusingonInactionswithpositiveCriticalParent,andcanreinforcepositivelyonesfeelingofpotencyinmakingautonomousissuedecisions.

AGestaltTherapy(Perls,Hefferline,andGoodman,1994)approachcanconnectplayfullywithFunsters(neeRebels;potentialPassiveAggressiveAdaptation),andisidealatinvitingtheclientintoexperiencingtheissueofresponsibility:Iamtheonewhomakesmefeelgoodorbademotionally.Note:Thisresultsintheabilitytoexpressauthenticallybeingsorry(nottheracketsorryoftheblameless,acerbicdistressedFunster).

AnAsklepieionTherapy(Groder,1977)approachconnectswithDoers(neePromoters;potentialAntisocialAdaptation),andisidealatcreatingtheDoerpositiveIncidenceneedsinaprotected,caringsettingthatfostersdealingwithabandonmentbybecomingauthenticandintimatewithothers.

Inconclusion,theProcessTherapyModelcanbeusedwithanyothertherapyapproachtomonitorthequalityofbeingontrackwiththeclient,byknowingwhichpositivetransactionplusperceptiontooffersecondbysecond.Evidenceofnotbeingaccepted(socialdiagnosis)bytheclientiswhensheshowsherBaseDriver(behavioraldiagnosis).ThisveryDriveralertstheprocesstherapistastowhichpositivetransactionplusperceptiontousenext.

TheProcessTherapyModelProfileTM(Kahler,1994)reportontheclientidentifies:(1)PersonalitystructureconsistingofthesixPersonalityTypes(Feelers,neeReactors;Thinkers,neeWorkaholics;Believers,neePersisters;Doers,neePromoters;Funsters,neeRebels;Dreamers);(2)orderandstrengthofpositiveegostates,transactions,andperceptions;(3)howtoconnect;(4)psychologicalneeds;(5)homework;(6)BaseandPhaseminiscriptswithpotentialAdaptations;(7)games,rackets,injunctions,scripts,issues,andprobableimpasse


earlydecisions,and(8)varioustherapymodeltreatmentsuggestions.

Research

TheBasePersonalityTypeofanindividualiseitherpresentatbirth(mybelief)ordevelopssoonthereafter,andaccordingtotestretestreliabilityresearchdoesnotlikelychangeinlife(Stansbury,1990).

Observationsfrom1978to1996ofmorethan20,000childreninBrevardCommunityCollegeDayCareCentersbyProcesstrainedprofessionalParentEducators(Geier,2008)supportthattheorderofthePersonalityTypes(i.e.,theindividualsPersonalityCondominium)issetbyaboutsevenyearsofage.

ResearchalsosupportsPhasingandPhaseissues,includingdealingwiththePhaseissueassociatedracketandunderlyingauthenticemotion:Facevalidity:97%ofparticipantsinourAdvancedSeminarwhohadPhasedreportedthattheyhadexperiencedthePTMexpected(theorized)frequentandintensePhase[miniscript]distresssequenceinresolvingthatissue,andthenPhased.Ofthese,93%reportedthattheyhadexperiencedthePTMexpected(theorized)theissueracket,andthentheunderlyingauthenticfeeling(Kahler,2008,p.275).

From1982toApril2009740,174peoplehavebeenprofiled,ofwhich24,122havebeenclinical.Inthegeneralpopulation,33%havenotPhased,28%Phasedonetime,20%Phasedtwotimes,15%Phasedthreetimes,3%Phasedfourtimes,andonly1%Phasedfivetimes(Kahler,2008,p.275).

ItismyopinionthattheunsuccessfulincorporationofaPhaseissueduringthesixDevelopmentalStages(Kahler,2008,pp.195215)resultsintheissuebeingtestedduringthatPhaselaterinlife.AndsinceanyPersonalityTypewithitspredictableassociatedminiscriptcanbepresentatbirth(Driver,injunction,issue,etc.),soistherethepotentialassociatedAdaptation,testedbyparentingintheissuerelatedDevelopmentalStage.

TodatetherehavebeenfifteendissertationsdoneontheProcessModel(includingnineineducationandfiveinclinical),eight

theses(sixineducationandtwoinclinical),twentyotherpublishedresearchpapers(includingcorrelationalstudieswithMyersBriggsandwithMcClellandsThematicApperceptionTest)themodelhasbeentaughtorresearchsupportedinthirtysevencollegesanduniversities.(Kahler,2009).

Note:IamindebtedtoJoinesandStewartwhohavevowedtocontinuetoclearupanyconfusionabouttheoriginationandcontributionstomyProcessModel,includingcorrectingoutdatedandnoncreditedreferencesinfurthereditionsandtranslationsofPersonalityAdaptations(JoinesandStewart,2002).

TaibiKahler,Ph.D.,isaclinicalpsychologist,TSTAinITAA,andpastTMinALAT.Heisthe1977recipientoftheEBMSAfortheminiscript.ForProcessTherapyModelinformation,gotowww.taibikahlerassociates.comintheU.S.;intheUnitedKingdomwww.processcommunication.co.uk;inFrancewww.kcf.fr/accueil.php3;inAustria,Switzerland,andGermanywww.kcgpcm.de;[email protected];inJapanwww.kcjpcm.com;inAustraliawww.kahlercom.com.au.EmailTaibiatkahlercom@aristotle.net.

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Kahler,T.,withCapers,H.(1974).Theminiscript.TransactionalAnalysisJournal,4(1),2642.

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Kahler,T.(1975b).Structuralanalysis:Afocusonstrokerationale,aparentcontinuum,andegograms.TransactionalAnalysisJournal,5(3),267271.

Kahler,T.(1975c).Scripts:Processandcontent.TransactionalAnalysisJournal,5(3),277279.

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