The Progressive

Era

The Progressive

Era1890-19201890-1920

The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era Characterized by “progress”

through reform-not a cohesive movement

Reform big business and restore competition- break up trusts

Reform the political system- end corruption/ expand voting rights

Social justice and welfare (primarily in urban areas). -working conditions/wages/protection/education/child labor/help for immigrants and the poor

Rejuvenate social morals - temperance movement/Prohibition

Characterized by “progress” through reform-not a cohesive movement

Reform big business and restore competition- break up trusts

Reform the political system- end corruption/ expand voting rights

Social justice and welfare (primarily in urban areas). -working conditions/wages/protection/education/child labor/help for immigrants and the poor

Rejuvenate social morals - temperance movement/Prohibition

1

NY Bakeshop Act 1897NY Bakeshop Act 1897 NY State Law-Bakers-Maximum

work load= 10 hours per day/60 hours per week.

Joseph Lochner, owner of Lochner’s Bakery violated the law twice (worked employees longer) & was fined by NYS.

He appealed the fine in courtHow should the Supreme Court Rule?

NY State Law-Bakers-Maximum work load= 10 hours per day/60 hours per week.

Joseph Lochner, owner of Lochner’s Bakery violated the law twice (worked employees longer) & was fined by NYS.

He appealed the fine in courtHow should the Supreme Court Rule?

Amendment 14-Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Amendment 14-Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

How Did The Supreme Court Rule?Lochner v. NY

How Did The Supreme Court Rule?Lochner v. NY

LIBERTY OF CONTRACT in the DUE PROCESS

CLAUSE

The Bakeshop Act Violates the 14th Amendment and is

illegal.

LIBERTY OF CONTRACT in the DUE PROCESS

CLAUSE

The Bakeshop Act Violates the 14th Amendment and is

illegal.

State Level Political ReformsFighting Bob- Robert M. LaFollette - Wisconsin

Gov.

a. Secret ballotb. Direct Primary-Voters directly elect

candidates to run for Office—led to The 17th Amendment direct election of US Senators

c. Initiative-bill by petitiond. Referendum-direct vote on an issuee. Recall-by petition: voters can force an

elected official to stand for reelection

State Level Political ReformsFighting Bob- Robert M. LaFollette - Wisconsin

Gov.

a. Secret ballotb. Direct Primary-Voters directly elect

candidates to run for Office—led to The 17th Amendment direct election of US Senators

c. Initiative-bill by petitiond. Referendum-direct vote on an issuee. Recall-by petition: voters can force an

elected official to stand for reelection

WHAT ARE THE

QUALITIES OF A GREAT LEADER ?

WHAT ARE THE

QUALITIES OF A GREAT LEADER ?

Does the government have the ability and

responsibility to alleviate or solve social

problems?

Does the government have the ability and

responsibility to alleviate or solve social

problems?

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

TR began his political career as a reformer of local government corruption. NYC

TR began his political career as a reformer of local government corruption. NYC

A

San Juan Hill & Kettle Hill , Cuba 1898-Republican Hero

ELECTION OF 1900

The Supreme Court & WorkersThe Supreme Court & Workers Lochner v. NYC 1897

Bakers-Max. work load= 10 hours per day/60 hours per week-Ruling: Unconstitutional (14th)

Muller v. Oregon 1908All Women workers-10 hour work day.

Ruling: Constitutional Bunting v. Oregon 1917

10 hour work day for men. Ruling: Constitutional

Lochner v. NYC 1897Bakers-Max. work load= 10 hours per day/60

hours per week-Ruling: Unconstitutional (14th)

Muller v. Oregon 1908All Women workers-10 hour work day.

Ruling: Constitutional Bunting v. Oregon 1917

10 hour work day for men. Ruling: Constitutional

PA. Coal Miners* dangerous conditions* low pay/long hours* child laborers

* no recognition of Union* no job security/insurance* paid in scrip-

“company stores”1902-PA. COAL STRIKE

PA. Coal Miners* dangerous conditions* low pay/long hours* child laborers

* no recognition of Union* no job security/insurance* paid in scrip-

“company stores”1902-PA. COAL STRIKE

The 1902 Coal Strike:

How are economic or social problems alleviated or solved by the powers of

government?

The 1902 Coal Strike:

How are economic or social problems alleviated or solved by the powers of

government?

The Progressive Presidents: Matrix: Directions: As you complete your matrixes, be sure to include the following

plans/reforms. Make sure to properly place the reform/Act on the matrix with a complete description. (Which president was responsible)?

The Progressive Presidents: Matrix: Directions: As you complete your matrixes, be sure to include the following

plans/reforms. Make sure to properly place the reform/Act on the matrix with a complete description. (Which president was responsible)?

TR sued and dissolved 44 Trusts.

Taft in the White HouseTaft in the White House

William Howard Taft-Republican- Ballinger-Pinchot Affair 1909- Richard Ballinger, Sec

of the Interior sold coal rich government lands in Alaska to J.P. Morgan and Daniel Guggenheim. Gifford Pinchot, famous conservationist and Chief of the Forest Service cried foul-Taft fired him.

- Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909-raised taxes on imports, did not reduce prices for consumers (protection of big business from foreign competition)

- Federal income tax was introduced. Passed during Wilson’s Presidency.

William Howard Taft-Republican- Ballinger-Pinchot Affair 1909- Richard Ballinger, Sec

of the Interior sold coal rich government lands in Alaska to J.P. Morgan and Daniel Guggenheim. Gifford Pinchot, famous conservationist and Chief of the Forest Service cried foul-Taft fired him.

- Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909-raised taxes on imports, did not reduce prices for consumers (protection of big business from foreign competition)

- Federal income tax was introduced. Passed during Wilson’s Presidency.

Amendment 16-Created a graduated income tax and allowed the federal government to tax citizens based on their income (Graduated/Progressive tax).

Amendment 16-Created a graduated income tax and allowed the federal government to tax citizens based on their income (Graduated/Progressive tax).

Wilson’s New FreedomWilson’s New Freedom

1902-President of Princeton University 1910-Democrat:Elected Governor of NJ 1912-Defeated Taft and T. Roosevelt

who divided the Republican party

1902-President of Princeton University 1910-Democrat:Elected Governor of NJ 1912-Defeated Taft and T. Roosevelt

who divided the Republican party

Wilson’s New FreedomWilson’s New Freedom

BUSINESS REFORM

Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914- strengthens the Sherman Anti-trust Act.

-companies could not acquire stock of another company to create a monopoly

-protected the rights of Unions to fight for worker protection

BUSINESS REFORM

Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914- strengthens the Sherman Anti-trust Act.

-companies could not acquire stock of another company to create a monopoly

-protected the rights of Unions to fight for worker protection

The Federal Trade Act-1914Created the Federal Trade

Commission(FTC)Designed to be a watchdog over

corporations: end unfair business practices and illegal activities. Violations would result in “cease and

desist” orders: 400 issued by the Wilson administration.

The Federal Trade Act-1914Created the Federal Trade

Commission(FTC)Designed to be a watchdog over

corporations: end unfair business practices and illegal activities. Violations would result in “cease and

desist” orders: 400 issued by the Wilson administration.

Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms Underwood Tariff

Reduced tariff rates for the first time since the Civil War-Over an 11% decrease

Favored by farmers and consumers/angered business who benefited from high tariffs

Underwood Tariff Reduced tariff rates for the first time since

the Civil War-Over an 11% decrease Favored by farmers and consumers/angered

business who benefited from high tariffs

•Federal Income Tax•16th Amendment-graduated income tax < 1%-$4,000 1%-7% max on incomes over $500,000

The Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve Act of 1914 Created a flexible new national currency Divided the nation into 12 districts Each district had a federal reserve

(emergency cash) bank with which all national banks in the district were affiliated

Federal Reserve Banks could transfer funds to member banks in trouble (protect the bank from closing and protect the customer’s cash.

System still exists-Fed may lend to any bank.

The Federal Reserve Act of 1914 Created a flexible new national currency Divided the nation into 12 districts Each district had a federal reserve

(emergency cash) bank with which all national banks in the district were affiliated

Federal Reserve Banks could transfer funds to member banks in trouble (protect the bank from closing and protect the customer’s cash.

System still exists-Fed may lend to any bank.

The Federal Reserve Bank The Federal Reserve Bank Created to control/regulate the money supply

To regulate the money supply (the amount of money in circulation), the Fed sets interest rates for Bank loans.

If the Fed wants to decrease the amount of $ in circulation they will raise interest rates causing less borrowing.- Too expensive to take a loan.

If the Fed wants to increase the amount of $ in circulation they will lower interest rates causing more borrowing-_cheap $__

Created to control/regulate the money supplyTo regulate the money supply (the amount of

money in circulation), the Fed sets interest rates for Bank loans.

If the Fed wants to decrease the amount of $ in circulation they will raise interest rates causing less borrowing.- Too expensive to take a loan.

If the Fed wants to increase the amount of $ in circulation they will lower interest rates causing more borrowing-_cheap $__

Failures of the Progressive Presidents

Failures of the Progressive Presidents

African AmericansJim Crow LawsSegregationLynching

Attempts at Reform-NAACP Booker T Washington W.E.B DuBois

African AmericansJim Crow LawsSegregationLynching

Attempts at Reform-NAACP Booker T Washington W.E.B DuBois