the progressive era 1890s-1920. essential questions ► who were the progressives? ► what reforms...
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THE PROGRESSIVE THE PROGRESSIVE ERAERA
1890s-19201890s-1920
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ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
► Who were the Progressives?Who were the Progressives?► What reforms did they seek?What reforms did they seek?► How successful were How successful were
Progressive Era reforms in the Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920?period 1890-1920?
Consider: political change, social change (industrial Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)
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ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE
REFORMREFORM
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ProgressivismProgressivism
WHO were the “Progressives”?urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women
WHY? Address the problems arising from:
industrialization (big business, labor strife)
urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption)
immigration (ethnic diversity)
inequality & social injustice (women & racism)
1920s
1890s
1901
1917
WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era”
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WHAT are their goals?►Democracy – government accountable to the people
►Regulation of corporations & monopolies
►Social justice – workers, poor, minorities
►Environmental protection
HOW?►Government (laws, regulations, programs)►Efficiency
value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution Pragmatism – William James, John Dewey ( Darwinism) (Cf. scientific management/Taylor)
HOW MUCH?????
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Origins of ProgressivismOrigins of Progressivism► “Muckrakers”► Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890)► Ida Tarbell – “The History of the Standard Oil Co.”
(1902)► Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904)
Ida Ida TarbellTarbell
Lincoln Lincoln SteffensSteffens
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MUNICIPAL & MUNICIPAL & STATE STATE
REFORMSREFORMS
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MUNICIPAL REFORMMUNICIPAL REFORM►municipal reform►utilities - water, gas, electricity,
trolleys► council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)
Shoe line - Shoe line - Bowery men Bowery men with gifts from with gifts from ward boss Tim ward boss Tim Sullivan, Sullivan, February, 1910February, 1910
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MUNICIPAL REFORMMUNICIPAL REFORM
council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)
COUNCIL
MEMBER
CITY MANAGE
R
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
strong mayor system
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
COUNCIL
MEMBER
MAYOMAYORR
CITY SERVIC
ES
CITY SERVICES
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STATE POLITICAL REFORMSTATE POLITICAL REFORM►secret ballots►direct primary►Robert M. Robert M.
LaFolletteLaFollette►Seventeenth
Amendment (1913)
►initiative►referendum►recall
Robert M. LaFolletteRobert M. LaFollette, , Wisconsin Governor Wisconsin Governor
1900-061900-06
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STATE POLITICAL REFORMSTATE POLITICAL REFORM
Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, 1876-1920
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STATE SOCIAL REFORMSSTATE SOCIAL REFORMS►professional social workers ►settlement houses - education,
culture, day care
►child labor laws Enable education & advancement for working class children
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STATE SOCIAL REFORMSSTATE SOCIAL REFORMS►workplace & labor reforms
eight-hour work day eight-hour work day
improved safety & health improved safety & health conditions in factoriesconditions in factories
workers compensation laws workers compensation laws
minimum wage lawsminimum wage laws
unionization unionization
child labor lawschild labor laws
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1913
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State Social Reform: Child LaborState Social Reform: Child LaborChild Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908
Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908
“Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911
Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911
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Settlement HousesSettlement Houses►Settlement Houses►Hull-House – Jane Addams
Jane Addams (1905)
Hull-House Complex in 1906
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TEMPERANCTEMPERANCEE►Temperance Crusade
►Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
►Anti-Saloon LeagueFrances Willard Frances Willard (1838-98), (1838-98), leader of the leader of the WCTUWCTU
Anti-Saloon League Campaign, DaytonAnti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton
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TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITIONTEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION►Eighteenth Amendment
Prohibition on the Eve Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th of the 18th Amendment, 1919Amendment, 1919
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SOCIALISMSOCIALISMALTERNATIVESALTERNATIVES
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SOCIALISMSOCIALISM►Socialist Party►Eugene V. Debs
► Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or “WobbliesWobblies”)
Socialists parade, May Day, 1910
Eugene V. Eugene V. DebsDebs
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NATIONAL NATIONAL REFORMREFORM
Roosevelt, Taft & Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson as Wilson as
Progressive Progressive presidentspresidents
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ESSENTIALESSENTIAL QUESTIONQUESTION
How effective were Progressive How effective were Progressive Era reformers and the federal Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about government in bringing about reform at the national level in reform at the national level in the period 1900-1920?the period 1900-1920?
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Assassination of President McKinleyAssassination of President McKinley,, SeptSept 6, 6, 19011901
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Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt:: the “accidental President”the “accidental President”Republican (1901-1909)Republican (1901-1909)
(The New-York Historical Society)
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Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”“Square Deal”►1902 Anthracite
Coal Miners Strike► “Square Deal”
Anthracite miners at Scranton, Anthracite miners at Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1900Pennsylvania, 1900
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Roosevelt the “trust-buster”Roosevelt the “trust-buster”
►Northern Securities Company (1904) ► “good trusts” and “bad trusts” ►Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act
(1906)
““ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP”RETAKES THE SHIP”
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Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection
►Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle ►Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ►Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Chicago Meatpacking Workers, Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 19051905
"A nauseating job, but it must be done"
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Roosevelt & Roosevelt & ConservationConservation
►Used the Forest Reserve Act of 1891
►U.S. Forest Service (1906)
►Gifford Pinchot►White House
conference on conservation -1908
►John Muir
Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot,
1907
Theodore Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt
& John & John Muir at Muir at
YosemiteYosemite19061906
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CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION::National Parks and ForestsNational Parks and Forests
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William William Howard TaftHoward Taft
President 1909-13President 1909-13RepublicanRepublican
Postcard with Taft cartoon
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Taft’s Progressive AccomplishmentsTaft’s Progressive Accomplishments
► trust-busting
► forest and oil reserves
►Sixteenth Amendment
►BUT: Caused split in Republican Party
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
(Taft has) “…completely (Taft has) “…completely twisted around the twisted around the policies I advocated and policies I advocated and acted upon.”acted upon.”
-Theodore Roosevelt
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Election of 1912Election of 1912►Woodrow Wilson►Progressive Party
(“Bull Moose party”)
►“New Nationalism”
► significance
Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
Theodore Theodore RoosevelRoosevelt cartoon, t cartoon, March 1912March 1912
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1912 1912 PresidentiaPresidentia
l Electionl Election
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WilsonWilson►Woodrow Wilson► “New Freedom”►Underwood Simmons
Tariff (1913)
►Sixteenth Amendment (1913)
►Federal Reserve Act (1913)
►Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
►Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
►Keating-Owen Act (1916)
Wilson at the peak of his Wilson at the peak of his powerpower
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Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System►Federal Reserve Act
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WOMEN & WOMEN & SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE
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ESSENTIALESSENTIAL QUESTIONQUESTION
To what extent did economic and To what extent did economic and political developments as well as political developments as well as the assumptions about the the assumptions about the nature of women affect the nature of women affect the position of American women position of American women during the period 1890-1925?during the period 1890-1925?
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WOMENWOMEN►“women’s
professions”►“new woman”►clubwomen
The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food,nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the
Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)
A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in 1894. Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)
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Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage
►National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
►Carrie Chapman Catt
Ohio Woman Suffrage Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, Headquarters, Cleveland, 19121912
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Woman suffrage before 1920Woman suffrage before 1920
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Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage►Alice Paul►National Woman’s
Party►Nineteenth Amendment ►Equal Rights
Amendment
National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917House, 1917
19th 19th AmendmentAmendment
SuffragetSuffragette te
Banner Banner 19181918
(All: Library of Congress)
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RACE RACE RELATIONSRELATIONS
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ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL QUESTIONQUESTION
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discrimination faced by black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. How appropriate were each How appropriate were each of these strategies considering the of these strategies considering the context in which each was developedcontext in which each was developed?
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Black Population, 1920Black Population, 1920
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African-AmericansAfrican-Americans►Booker T.
Washington►W.E.B. Du Bois►Niagara Movement►“talented tenth”►NAACP
Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington
W.E.B. Du Bois