The Progressive Era EQ #1: How did the Progressive Era address the problems created during Industrialization and the Gilded Age? EQ #2: How was the Progressive Era different in South Carolina than it was Nationally? Addresses Indicator 8-6.1 The Progressive Movement Developed in response to the problems of the growing cities and the changing workplace in the late 1800s. The Progressive Era is a term used to describe the time when progress was made towards reform (to re-do, to fix) during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Progressives worked towards reform in areas such as education, labor, womens suffrage, temperance, corrupt government and civil rights. Muckrackers Reported on the muck or filth in the large cities - corruption - bribery - illegal activity Newspapers in SC, like Columbias The State, supported child labor reform with articles that described the problems of the workers Muckrackers help bring reform. This cartoon is called Shall we prey? Progressivism in SC was not exactly like the national movement.. National Issues: reform corrupt government, end the monopolies of Big Business, improve the conditions of the industrial working class and address the problems of both immigrants and migrants. In SC, some national issues held little concern Ex. SC citizens were not interested in solving the problems of new immigrants since few came to the state. Progressivism in SC Major issues for progressives in SC Child labor and fair treatment for workers Temperance Womens suffrage Improving education Just as with the Populist movement in SC, progressive South Carolinians did not want to align themselves with the national movement or party, but rather worked within the Democratic Party Progressive Motivation for Reform: Problems of the cities of the North prompted Northerners vs. problems of the mill villages prompted those in SC Remember how SC Governor Ben Tillman was a racist? He was the SC governor from , and a US senator from 1895 to his death in He argued that disenfranchising the African Americans was a progressive reform of government Deemed African Americans inferior to whites and not able to make intelligent political decisions. Yes, Tillman was a racist. And yes, he did have only one eye. He is in our progressive lesson because. He established a college of agriculture- Clemson University. As a senator, he worked on child labor laws and regulation of railroads. South Carolina also claims disenfranchising mill workers is reform. After disenfranchising African Americans, SC government tried to limit the voting power of the mill workers Middle class SCers wanted to limit mill workers political power Registrar refused in qualify mill workers in some places The National Scene: Teddy Roosevelt became president at age 42, in 1901 when President McKinley was shot He was the first Progressive President. Americans remembered pictures of Roosevelt as a war hero and Rough Rider It was not likely that they would deny the new president the reforms he wanted Always a nature lover, President Roosevelt began the National Parks. Progressive Teddy All around him President Roosevelt saw corruption and abuse of power. Many reforms were made at the national level during his presidency. Government Reform under Teddy - the secret ballot -primary elections that allowed voters rather than bosses to select the candidates for office -Pure Food and Drug Act -Government regulation of monopolies Political Bosses and Corruption Powerful political organizations controlled many of the big cities at this time. Politicians tended not to look out for the people but for themselves and their friends. Boss Tweed of New York City was only one example. You scratch my back and I ll scratch yours. When politicians were elected to office they had to do something to repay their supporters. Elected officials gave government jobs to those who did favors for them. Everyone blamed the corruption on everyone else. Health Reform: Upton Sinclair, the Ultimate Muckracker [T]he meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw onethere were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Congress passed laws that guaranteed the purity and safety of foods and drugs because these things had not always been inspected. Monopolies Monopolies are companies that do not have to compete because they control that market Monopolies are usually bad for the economy because they control prices and supplies of their product Because there is no competition, monopolies can charge very high prices for their products President Roosevelt asked the courts to end monopolies John D. Rockefeller s Standard Oil Company Standard Oil was a monopoly that took advantage of customers. It was one of the first of the businesses to be affected by government lawsuits. The courts broke up the Standard Oil Company. Don t feel too sorry for Rockefeller he was still one of the richest Americans History tells us that Rockefeller was brought up in a strict Baptist home but that did not keep him from being greedy It is said that as a child he would buy candy at wholesale prices and then sell it to his brothers and sisters at a profit President Roosevelt asked the courts to end monopolies, also called trusts. This is why he is known as the Trustbuster. Federal Reforms: Theodore Roosevelt decided not run for president in 1908 The new president was William Howard Taft, another Republican and reformer Taft pushed for an Income Tax law that was passed in The 16 th amendment established the federal income tax People did not think Taft made enough reforms so they asked Roosevelt to run again this time as a Third Party Candidate. The New President was Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat. He changed the vote for Senators from representatives to a direct election by citizens. President Wilson became a wartime president who hated war Someone asked Wilson once which side he wanted to win the Great War. His response was Neither. Wilson knew that with a winner there is also a loser and loser s usually try to get even. Civil Rights Progressive leaders wanted to make life better for people but nothing seemed to be solving the problem of prejudice African American leaders used progressive ideas to try to bring about change W.E.B. DuBois and others formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People the NAACP Dubois disagreed with fellow leader Booker T. Washington how to approach the problem. Booker Taliaferro Washington Born a slave and deprived of early education, Washington became a champion of the need for a good education as a way of improving one s life He asked for patience until society would come around W.E.B. DuBois W.E.B. DuBois was well educated with a doctorate degree from Harvard DuBois disagreed with Washington, feeling that Americans would never come around He championed a movement to go back to Africa and lived there the last few years of his life Child Labor and Education Reform If the children were working they could not be in school getting an education Children worked for long hours at low pay and in dangerous conditions Education and Child Labor problems and solutions Only 1/3 of children went to school at the turn of the Century and of those a third went to school for 4 months or less out of the year SC Gov. Richard Cooper establishes a: Compulsory (mandatory) attendance law, increased funding, and established an adult school program by the state This small boy works barefoot in a textile mill among dangerous, noisy machines that spew dust and lint. SC Progressive Governors Robert Cooper - set maximum hours for millworkers (the work day for textile mills became limited to 10 hours and maximum work week to 55 hours) as well as the compulsory attendance law. Richard Manning - raised the minimum working age to 14. SCs reforms do not solve all problems Despite these reforms, SC continued to unequally fund black and white schools, with white schools receiving more money than black schools. Graduation rates from high schools, especially African American high schools, were extremely low due to a limited numbers of high schools provided by the state Tillmans State Dispensary 1895 (back in time) Tillman creates the State Dispensary, a program where the State controlled the production and sale of all alcohol in SC. Tillmans Dispensary is notoriously corrupt Becomes the target for good government progressives Temperance: to avoid all alcohol Prohibition: to make alcohol illegal Prohibitionists wanted to stop the drinking of alcohol The idea was to protect families whose lives were threatened by men who drank too much and could not, or would not, work. SC voted in 1915 to illegalize alcohol completely. In 1919 the Eighteenth Amendment created Prohibition forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol will become legal again in 1933. Women s Christian Temperance Movement Standing nearly 6 feet tall and weighing 180 pounds, carrying a hatchet, Carrie Nation was known to storm into saloons and chop up the whiskey barrels. Her efforts won the 18 th Amendment, but few friends! Womens Suffrage Nationally Began to take a national approach Engaged in marching, picketing, and being arrested Not successful until political leaders, including President Wilson, recognized womens contributions to the war by supporting a suffrage amendment Suffragettes began to take a national approach. Engaged in marching, picketing, and being arrested. Not successful until political leaders, including President Wilson, recognized womens contributions to the Great War by supporting a suffrage amendment, which passed Congress in 1919. Suffragettes Womens Suffrage in South Carolina: Despite the efforts of suffragettes, SC voted against the national amendment to give women the vote. The 19 th amendment was passed by Congress, so the law changed and women in all 50 states gained suffrage. However.SC did not ratify this amendment until 1967. World War I brought an end to the progressive movement but not an end to the problems the movement had tried to address. Please take out a separate sheet of paper for a short quiz. You may use the notes you took in class today. 1.As governor, Tillman could be seen as a reformer in all of the following areas except: A.Agriculture B.Education C.Equal Rights for African Americans D.Regulation of railroads and textiles 2. The Dispensary was created in an effort to _____________________. A.Increase alcohol sales in the state B.Prohibit (forbid/outlaw) alcohol in the state C.Have government take ownership of alcohol sales in the state D.Privatize alcohol sales in the state 3. All of the following are examples of reform during the Roosevelt presidency except: A.The creation of 5 national parks and 53 wildlife reserves B.Prohibition and the 18 th amendment. C.The creation of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. D.The Merit System and Commissions 4. Despite the efforts of suffragists, SC voted: A.In support of the national amendment giving women the right to vote. B.Against the national amendment giving women the right to vote. C.To extend the right to vote to women over the age of 25. D.To extend voting rights to married women only. 5. How did SC react to the temperance/prohibition movement? A.SC rejected the idea that alcohol should be outlawed B.SC avoided the issue by keeping its dispensaries open C.SC voted in 1915 to illegalize alcohol completely D.SC led a protest, along with other Southern states, against the temperance movement. 6. Despite reforms in education, the state of SC continued to: A.Fund schools serving the black community at the same level as those serving white students B. Unequally fund black and white schools, with white schools receiving less money from the state. C. Unequally fund black and white schools, with black schools receiving less money from the state. D. Underfund all schools, regardless of the race of students who attended. 7. What problem in mill work was addressed by Progressives in SC? A.Progressives were successful in passing a law that set a minimum age for children to work in the mills. B.Progressives successfully shut down all textile mills in SC. C.Progressives pushed for the integration of textile mills in SC. D.Progressives helped textile mill operators lobby for a longer work day. 8. While W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington both wanted African Americans to have better lives, they: A.Differed in their approach to improving the situation. B.Agreed that segregation was necessary in society. C.Believed that direct confrontation of racism was the best approach to ending discrimination. D.Felt that discrimination would end as African Americans assimilated (fit in with/became part of white society) by following the rules of a segregated society. 9. Why were SC graduation rates so low during the beginning of the 20 th century? A.Graduation rates were extremely low due the fact that SC underfunded their schools. B.Graduation rates were extremely low due to the Ku Klux Klan terrorizing African American schools. C. Graduation rates were extremely low due to a limited numbers of high schools provided by the state D. Graduation rates were extremely low due to Jim Crow Laws 10. African Americans were not the only group disenfranchised during this time. What other group in SC lost the right to vote? A. Women B. Native Americans C. Scalawags D. Millworkers 11. What does this cartoon represent? EQ #1: How did the Progressive Era address the problems created during industrialization and the Gilded Age? EQ #2: How was the Progressive movement different in South Carolina than it was Nationally?