The The ProgressivProgressive Periode Period

Progressive PeriodProgressive Period Political, economic, and social reforms Political, economic, and social reforms

were madewere made Only a handful of people enjoyed wealthOnly a handful of people enjoyed wealth Immigrants & poor laborers continued to Immigrants & poor laborers continued to

live & work in horrible conditionslive & work in horrible conditions Urban slums and tenements arose in citiesUrban slums and tenements arose in cities Conditions in cities led many in the US to Conditions in cities led many in the US to

demand for progressive changesdemand for progressive changes The main goal of the Progressive The main goal of the Progressive

movement was purification of government.movement was purification of government.

Outcry for Outcry for ReformReform

Triangle Shirtwaist Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 1911 (NY)Factory Fire 1911 (NY)

Exit doors locked to Exit doors locked to prevent employees prevent employees from stealingfrom stealing

Fire killed 146 people Fire killed 146 people Led to safer working Led to safer working

conditionsconditions In 1991, similar In 1991, similar

tragedy took place in tragedy took place in Hamlet, NC showing Hamlet, NC showing that progress still that progress still remained to be made remained to be made in the battle for safe in the battle for safe factory working factory working conditions.conditions.

Activists and ReformersActivists and Reformers Frank Norris – Frank Norris –

inspired other inspired other progressive writers of progressive writers of the day the day (McTeague)(McTeague)

Many of these writers Many of these writers wrote stories wrote stories exposing abuse in exposing abuse in govt. and big govt. and big businessbusiness

President Roosevelt President Roosevelt called these called these journalists the journalists the muckrakersmuckrakers

MuckrakerMuckrakerss

Reporter or Reporter or writer who writer who investigates and investigates and publishes publishes truthful reports truthful reports involving a host involving a host of social issues of social issues

1. 1. Upton Sinclair – Upton Sinclair – The Jungle The Jungle (1906) – horrors (1906) – horrors of the US meat of the US meat packing industrypacking industry

The Jungle led to the creation of a federal meat inspection program.

2. 2. Lincoln Steffens – Lincoln Steffens – political political corruption in St. corruption in St. LouisLouis

3. 3. Ida Tarbell – Ida Tarbell – abuses of the abuses of the Standard Oil Standard Oil trusttrust

Jacob Riis – Jacob Riis – exposed living exposed living conditions in city conditions in city tenementstenements

Jane Addams – Jane Addams – Hull House – Hull House – center where center where poor immigrants poor immigrants and workers and workers could get helpcould get help

Carrie Nation – Carrie Nation – Temperance Temperance Movement – she Movement – she would go into saloons would go into saloons and smash liquor and smash liquor bottles with a hatchetbottles with a hatchet

1919 – 181919 – 18thth Amendment ratified – Amendment ratified – prohibited the prohibited the making, selling or making, selling or transporting any transporting any alcoholic beverage in alcoholic beverage in the US the US (PROHIBITION)(PROHIBITION)She described herself

as "a bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what He doesn't like."

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Anthracite Coal Mine Anthracite Coal Mine

Strike 1902Strike 1902 – 150,000 – 150,000 miners walked off their miners walked off their jobs demanding higher jobs demanding higher pay, shorter work days, pay, shorter work days, and official recognition of and official recognition of their uniontheir union

Roosevelt called meeting Roosevelt called meeting at White House for each at White House for each side to work out a side to work out a settlement or he would settlement or he would send in federal troopssend in federal troops

He was perceived as He was perceived as having sided with the having sided with the strikers rather than strikers rather than management – a huge management – a huge switch from past govt. switch from past govt. positionspositions

Progressive Progressive president president known as a known as a trustbustertrustbuster

Roosevelt was concerned Roosevelt was concerned about trusts and about trusts and monopolies they createdmonopolies they created

Roosevelt felt monopolies Roosevelt felt monopolies of any kind were harmful, of any kind were harmful, and he was determined to and he was determined to take them ontake them on

It violated the Sherman It violated the Sherman Antitrust ActAntitrust Act

1904, 1904, Northern Northern Securities vs. USSecurities vs. US – the – the Supreme Court ruled that Supreme Court ruled that the northwestern the northwestern railroad be broken uprailroad be broken up

Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Pure Food and Drug

ActAct Conservationist – set up Conservationist – set up

national parksnational parks

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft Roosevelt elected not to Roosevelt elected not to

run for re-election in run for re-election in 1908 and backed his 1908 and backed his good friend good friend William William Howard TaftHoward Taft

Mann-Elkin Act – Mann-Elkin Act – expanded the Interstate expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission Commerce Commission to regulate telephone to regulate telephone and telegraph ratesand telegraph rates

American Tobacco vs. American Tobacco vs. US – broke up the US – broke up the monopoly set up by the monopoly set up by the Duke family in NC over Duke family in NC over tobaccotobacco

Election of 1912Election of 1912 Payne-Aldrich Tariff – initially was to Payne-Aldrich Tariff – initially was to

reduce tariffs but as it worked itself reduce tariffs but as it worked itself through Congress it raised tariffsthrough Congress it raised tariffs

Progressives outraged and the Progressives outraged and the Republicans split in 1912Republicans split in 1912

The Republicans nominate TaftThe Republicans nominate Taft Upset with Taft’s conservative politics, Upset with Taft’s conservative politics,

Roosevelt run against TaftRoosevelt run against Taft Progressive nominate Roosevelt Progressive nominate Roosevelt

(nicknamed “Bull Moose Party”) (nicknamed “Bull Moose Party”) He He was shot prior to a 1912 campaign was shot prior to a 1912 campaign speech in Wisconsinspeech in Wisconsin

When asked how he was doing he said, When asked how he was doing he said, “I’m fit as a bull moose!”“I’m fit as a bull moose!”

Speech Speech and and glasses glasses case in case in which which the the bullet bullet traveled traveled through through that that shot TR.shot TR.

Progressives Progressives wanted to end wanted to end child labor, child labor, improved working improved working conditions, and conditions, and women’s suffragewomen’s suffrage

By splitting the By splitting the Republican votes, Republican votes, Roosevelt and Taft Roosevelt and Taft came up shortcame up short

Democrat Democrat Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson won the electionwon the election

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson 1912 - attacked big business and better 1912 - attacked big business and better

distribute wealth to average citizensdistribute wealth to average citizens Wilson allowed segregation in the capitalWilson allowed segregation in the capital New Freedom – Wilson’s reform programNew Freedom – Wilson’s reform program Congress passed the Congress passed the Federal Reserve ActFederal Reserve Act

to oversee banking in the US (govt. given to oversee banking in the US (govt. given greater control over the circulation of greater control over the circulation of money and helped prevent bank failures)money and helped prevent bank failures)

Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 – made strikes, Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 – made strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts legalpeaceful picketing, and boycotts legal

Businesses could no longer use antitrust Businesses could no longer use antitrust laws to put down strikes or break up labor laws to put down strikes or break up labor unionsunions

Constitutional Amendments Constitutional Amendments During the Progressive During the Progressive

PeriodPeriod 16th Amendment (created a federal 16th Amendment (created a federal

income tax)income tax) 17th Amendment (Senators elected 17th Amendment (Senators elected

by popular vote)by popular vote) 18th Amendment (Liquor abolished, 18th Amendment (Liquor abolished,

Prohibition created)Prohibition created) 19th Amendment (Women Suffrage) 19th Amendment (Women Suffrage)

right to voteright to vote

State and Local ReformsState and Local Reforms

Wisconsin governor Wisconsin governor Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette made state reforms that later other made state reforms that later other states would adopt (states would adopt (PopulistPopulist ideals) ideals)

Came to be known as the “Came to be known as the “Wisconsin Wisconsin ideaidea” ”

Direct primary – people would choose Direct primary – people would choose candidates for public officecandidates for public office

State regulations for railroadsState regulations for railroads Referendum, recall, initiative, and Referendum, recall, initiative, and

secret ballot were all being adopted by secret ballot were all being adopted by other statesother states

City GovernmentCity Government

Political machines and bosses like Political machines and bosses like William Tweed led cities to reform William Tweed led cities to reform as well as well

Cities started to have a Cities started to have a commission run the city rather commission run the city rather than a mayorthan a mayor

City managers were hired rather City managers were hired rather than electedthan elected

City council elected by votersCity council elected by voters

African-African-Americans of Americans of Progressive Progressive

PeriodPeriod

Racial Segregation during Racial Segregation during Progressive PeriodProgressive Period

After Civil War literacy tests, poll taxes, After Civil War literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clause were used and grandfather clause were used

Lynchings (mob killing) were used to keep Lynchings (mob killing) were used to keep blacks from pursuing equality with whitesblacks from pursuing equality with whites

Jim Crow laws (Plessy vs. Ferguson)Jim Crow laws (Plessy vs. Ferguson) Two kinds of segregationTwo kinds of segregation

De jure segregation – based on law – De jure segregation – based on law – Plessy vs. Plessy vs. FergusonFerguson decision ruled that separate but decision ruled that separate but equal facilities were constitutionalequal facilities were constitutional (Homer (Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in a whites only Plessy was arrested for sitting in a whites only railway car – he was only 1/8 black – he sued)railway car – he was only 1/8 black – he sued)

De facto segregation – not based on law but De facto segregation – not based on law but involves economic and social factors (seen in involves economic and social factors (seen in northern cities due to the “Great Migration” northern cities due to the “Great Migration” where many African-Americans moved north where many African-Americans moved north after the Civil War in search of industrial jobs)after the Civil War in search of industrial jobs)

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington Former slave Former slave Founded the Founded the

Tuskegee InstituteTuskegee Institute Served to train Served to train

African Americans in African Americans in a trade to escape a trade to escape oppression suffered oppression suffered by uneducated blacksby uneducated blacks

Encouraged blacks in Encouraged blacks in teaching, agriculture, teaching, agriculture, and blue collar jobsand blue collar jobs

Saw no problem with Saw no problem with segregationsegregation

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois First black Ph. D. graduate First black Ph. D. graduate

from Harvardfrom Harvard Disagreed with Booker T. Disagreed with Booker T.

WashingtonWashington White collar jobs White collar jobs

(professional or managerial (professional or managerial jobs) to obtain equality jobs) to obtain equality

Niagara MovementNiagara Movement – group – group of black intellectuals to of black intellectuals to outline an agenda for outline an agenda for African-American progressAfrican-American progress in the US after being denied in the US after being denied hotel accommodations in hotel accommodations in the USthe US

NAACP – National NAACP – National Association for the Association for the Advancement of Colored Advancement of Colored PeoplePeople Magazine called Magazine called The CrisisThe Crisis

Ida Wells-Ida Wells-BarnettBarnett

Early leader in the Early leader in the civil rights movement civil rights movement

Documented the Documented the extent of lynching in extent of lynching in the USthe US

women's rights women's rights movement and the movement and the women's suffrage women's suffrage movementmovement

Campaign against Campaign against segregation on segregation on railway cars prior to railway cars prior to Plessy decisionPlessy decision

Helped W.E.B. Du Bois Helped W.E.B. Du Bois create the NAACPcreate the NAACP

The lesson this teaches and The lesson this teaches and which every Afro-American which every Afro-American should ponder well, is that a should ponder well, is that a Winchester rifle should have a Winchester rifle should have a place of honor in every black place of honor in every black home, and it should be used for home, and it should be used for that protection which the law that protection which the law refuses to give. When the white refuses to give. When the white man who is always the aggressor man who is always the aggressor knows he runs as great a risk of knows he runs as great a risk of biting the dust every time his biting the dust every time his Afro-American victim does, he Afro-American victim does, he will have greater respect for will have greater respect for Afro-American life. The more the Afro-American life. The more the Afro-American yields and cringes Afro-American yields and cringes and begs, the more he has to do and begs, the more he has to do so, the more he is insulted, so, the more he is insulted, outraged and lynched. outraged and lynched.

The Red Record is a one hundred page pamphlet describing lynching in the United States since the Emancipation Proclamation, while also describing blacks’ struggles since the time of the Emancipation Proclamation.

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey Inspired a great Inspired a great

since of “black since of “black pride”pride”

Jamaican by birthJamaican by birth ““back to Africa back to Africa

movement” movement” Vision of a “black Vision of a “black

homeland” never homeland” never became a realitybecame a reality

Helped arouse a Helped arouse a sense of cultural sense of cultural pride in the African-pride in the African-American communityAmerican community

Rastafari Movement

Native American Native American Suffrage ActSuffrage Act

Snyder Act – Snyder Act – granted full granted full citizenship to citizenship to Native Native AmericansAmericans

President Coolidge stands with four Osage Indians at a White House ceremony

Technological Technological Innovations Innovations During the During the Progressive Progressive

PeriodPeriodProgressivism rose out of the same time period as big business and industrialization. Therefore, it was a time that saw many technological advances in US society. Some greatly transformed US culture.

ElectricityElectricity Factories operated more Factories operated more

efficiently and for longer efficiently and for longer hourshours

Production increased Production increased Electric sewing machineElectric sewing machine Refrigerator Refrigerator Electric trolleys – Electric trolleys –

development of suburbsdevelopment of suburbs Entertainment industry – Entertainment industry –

allowed people to attend allowed people to attend events in the eveningevents in the evening

SkyscraperSkyscraperss

Population inside Population inside cities increasedcities increased

Land to Land to accommodate accommodate the people the people became less became less availableavailable

Created due to Created due to lack of space in lack of space in urban areasurban areas Flatiron Building –

1902 NYBessemer process Bessemer process helped create helped create cheaper buildings cheaper buildings to buildto build

AutomobileAutomobiless Henry Ford – first to Henry Ford – first to

perfect and market perfect and market the automobilethe automobile

Mass productionMass production Assembly line - parts Assembly line - parts

moved to workers moved to workers along a linealong a line

Wanted ordinary Wanted ordinary people to be able to people to be able to afford his carsafford his cars

Saw workers as Saw workers as consumers (wanted consumers (wanted employees be able to employees be able to buy his product)buy his product)

Employees earned Employees earned $5.00 a day$5.00 a day

1907 Model T – 30,000 sold

Airline Airline IndustryIndustry

1903 Kitty Hawk, 1903 Kitty Hawk, NCNC

Orville & Wilbur Orville & Wilbur WrightWright

Used for military Used for military service and to service and to carry the US mailcarry the US mail

1926 – 1926 – commercial air commercial air traveltravel

Mass Mass CultureCulture National trends rather than National trends rather than

regionalregional Mail order catalogs – purchase Mail order catalogs – purchase

products from cities far awayproducts from cities far away First motion picture – First motion picture – The The

Great Train RobberyGreat Train Robbery – 1903 – 1903 People could see the latest People could see the latest

trends on the big screen and trends on the big screen and develop a national culturedevelop a national culture

KodakKodak introduced cameras introduced cameras that consumers could usethat consumers could use

Coca ColaCoca Cola – introduced first as – introduced first as a medicine (contained cocaine) a medicine (contained cocaine) – countries first nationwide – countries first nationwide advertising campaignsadvertising campaigns

Quiz 1Quiz 11. Period in US history to regulate

businesses, stop corruption, & clean up cities

2. Published truthful reports involving a horrible social conditions

3. Exposed the abuses of the Standard Oil Trust

4. Wrote The Jungle: horrors of the meat packing industry

5. Wanted to change the city of NY due to unclean tenements

6. Created by Jane Addams to provide a center to poor immigrants could get help

7. Supporter of the Temperance Movement and would smash bars with her hatchet

8. Prohibition; banning the sale and distribution of alcohol

9. Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson (Progressive Presidents)

10. He was fit as a "Bull Moose"

Quiz 2Quiz 2

1. Women suffrage2. Created segregation "Jim Crow

Laws"3. Founded Tuskegee Institute; train

African Americans with a skill for blue-collar jobs

4. Believed African Americans should be educated to the fullest for white-collar jobs

5. outline for African-American 5. outline for African-American progress in the US after being denied progress in the US after being denied hotel accommodations in the US hotel accommodations in the US

6. "Black Pride" - Created the Back to Africa movement

7. Granted full citizenship to Native 7. Granted full citizenship to Native AmericansAmericans

8. Allowed factories to operate more 8. Allowed factories to operate more efficiently and for longer hoursefficiently and for longer hours

9. Created due to lack of space in urban areas; cheaper to build on expensive land in cities

10. Established mass production on assembly line; made product affordable for workers