the protists eukaryotes. most unicellular. most aerobic. moist environments can be...

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The Protists • Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs. Flagella or cilia. All protists can reproduce asexually, some sexually

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Page 1: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

The Protists• Eukaryotes.• Most unicellular.• Most aerobic.• Moist environments• Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs,

chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs.• Flagella or cilia.• All protists can reproduce asexually, some

sexually

Page 2: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Endosymbiosis• Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic

combinations of prokaryotic cells.– Mitochondria aerobic heterotrophic

prokaryotic cells– Chloroplasts photosynthetic prokaryotes

Page 3: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Evidence for Endosymbiosis

Similarities between modern bacteria and the chloroplasts/mitochondria of eukaryotes:

*size*enzymes*circular DNA molecules*process of division*ribosomes similar

Page 4: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

The Candidate Kingdoms• Archaezoa• Euglenozoa• Alveolata• Stramenopila• Rhodophyta• Green Algae

Page 5: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Candidate Kingdom Archaezoa

• Giardia • have two nuclei,

flagella, and no mitochondria (…parasites)

Page 6: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Candidate Kingdom Euglenozoa

Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic flagellates

• Euglena– 1 or 2 flagella

• Kinetoplastsparasitic, e.g. African Sleeping Sickness (bite of tsetse fly)

Trypanosoma

Page 7: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Candidate Kingdom Alveolata

• Dinoflagellates, phytoplankton, cause red tides, color from xanthophyll.

• Apicomplexans, plasmodium, causes malaria.

• Ciliates, paramecium

Next Group

Page 8: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Dinoflagellates

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/dinof.html http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html

Page 9: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Apicomplexans

Leishmania

Parasite infected erythrocyte

Page 10: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Life history of Plasmodium

Page 11: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Ciliates

Paramecium

Stentor

Vorticella

Page 12: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Pseudopod “Protists”

Taxonomic lineage unclear, so no clear kingdom found… i.e. “misfits”

• Rhizopods, amoebas• Actinopods, radiolarians

and heliozoans (delicate silica shells).

• Foraminiferans, marine with porous calcium shells. Used as index fossils.

• Slime Molds, cytoplasmic streaming

Page 13: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Rhizopod

Amoeba

Page 14: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Actinopods

Radiolarians

Page 15: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Foraminiferans

Page 16: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Slime Molds

• Plasmodial Slime Mold – Myxomycota. Heterotrophic,brightly colored,

multinucleated ameboid mass.

Page 17: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Candidate Kingdom Stramenopila

• Diatoms (bacillariophyta)– unicellular plankton with box-like silica walls. Diatomaceous earth.

• Golden Algae (chrysophyta) – yellow and brown carotene and xanthophyll pigments

• Brown Algae (phaeophyta)- largests and most complex. Seaweeds and kelps, may be as long as 60m.

• Water Molds (oomycota) – white rusts and downy mildews

Next Group

Page 18: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Diatoms

                                                   

      

Page 19: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Golden Algae - Chrysophyta

Page 20: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Brown Algae - Phaeophyta

Kelp Harvesting

Page 21: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Kelp Structures

• Analogous plant-like structures– Body = thallus– Root-like structure – holdfast– Stem-like structure – stipe– Leaf-like structure - blades

Page 22: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Water molds, white rusts and downy mildews

White rust on spinachWater mold

Page 23: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Candidate Kingdom Rhodophyta

• Red color from pigment

• Marine • Multicellular• Carrageenan

thickener

Page 24: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Candidate Kingdom Green Algae

*Many scientists advocate inclusion of green algae into the plant kingdom.*More than 7000 species, mostly freshwater.

Ulva

*Unicellular – Chlamydomonas*Colonial – Volvox*Multicellular – Ulva

Page 25: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Green Algae - Chlorophyta

Chlamydomonas

Volvox

Spirogyra

Page 26: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Chlamydomonas Life Cycle

Page 27: The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic. Moist environments Can be photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs

Ulva Life Cycle