the psychodynamic model main assumptions: human functioning is shaped by “dynamic(interacting)”...
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The Psychodynamic Model
Main assumptions:Human Functioning is shaped by
“Dynamic(interacting)” psychological forces
Psychological disorders are caused by emotional problems in the unconscious mind
The causes of these emotional problems can usually be traced back to early childhood
The relationship between child and parents is a crucial determinant of mental health
The symptoms of a disorder have a hidden meaning that can be decoded
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The Unconscious MindThe conscious. The small amount of mental activity we know about.
The preconscious. Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried.
The unconscious. Things we are unaware of and can not become aware of.
ThoughtsPerceptions
MemoriesStored knowledge
FearsUnacceptable sexual desiresViolent motivesIrrational wishesImmoral urgesSelfish needsShameful experiencesTraumatic experiences
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The Psyche
Id:
Instincts
Superego:
Morality
Ego:
Reality
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Healthy Psyche
Id Superego
Ego
OK Guys – I’m in charge. Anything you want has to go
through me.
OK. OK.
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Neurotic Psyche
Id
Superego
Ego
Listen up! I’m in charge, and you are not here to enjoy yourselves. Get ready for a double-size portion of anxiety with a side
order of guilt!
No fun.
>whimper<
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Psychotic Psyche
Id
SuperegoEgo
Sex! Food! Drink! Drugs! NOW!
Who turned out the lights?
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Psychopathic Psyche
OK. First, gimme food. Then I want sex – lots of it and I don’t particularly care whether it’s with a willing partner. Then I want to hurt
people. Badly. Probably be hungry again after that so…
OK then. Let’s go.
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Defense MechanismsFunction: Used by ego to defend
against anxiety
Involves distortion of reality
Operate unconsciously
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Defense Mechanisms
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Denial Refusal to accept external
realities because too threatening to enter awareness
Repression Internal impulses and
memories too threatening so bared from entering awareness
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Projection• Attribute unacceptable
thoughts or impulses onto others (project these inappropriate thoughts etc onto others)
Displacement• Shifting attention from one
target that is no longer available to a more acceptable or “safer” substitute
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Sublimation Healthiest defense
mechanism Compromise Takes socially unacceptable
impulses and turns them into something positive & acceptable
Rationalization Explaining an unacceptable
behavior in a way that overlooks present shortcomings or failures 11
Reaction Formation
• Converting unacceptable and dangerous impulses into something positive to reduce anxiety
Regression• Reverting to behavior that is
characteristic to an earlier stage of development when confronted with stress or anxiety
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Identification Affiliation oneself
psychologically with a person, group or institution.
Wearing T-Shirts or jackets with sports teams.
Undoing Trying to undo an
unacceptable act. To nullify a negative activity
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Intellectualization
• Also called isolation of affect
• T ponder topics such as death and separation without the negative emotions
Isolation• Refusing to deal with or
encounter unpleasant objects or situations.
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Compensation Covering up weakness. Bald people wearing hats.
Fantasy Gratifying frustrated
desires. Such as day dreaming.
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Emotional Insulation
• Coping with stress by engaging in actions rather than reflecting on internal feelings.
Aim Inhibition• Accepting a modified form
of the original goal• Such as becoming a
basketball coach rather than a professional athlete.
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Freud’s Psychosexual Stages STAGEOral (0-18 months)
Anal (18-36 months)
Phallic (3-6 years)
Latency (6 to puberty)
Genital (puberty on)
FOCUSPleasure centers on the mouth-
sucking, chewing, biting
Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings. Oedipus and Electra Complex Zone.
Dormant sexual feeling
Maturation of sexual interest
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Therapeutic Techniques of Psychoanalysis
Free associationPatient says whatever comes to mindCatharsis: Expression of emotions
that is expected to lead to the reduction of disturbing symptoms
Slips of tongue (“Freudian slip”) Jokes
Freud believed that unconscious desires and unfulfilled wishes are expressed through jokes and slips of the tongue
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Freudian “Slip & Joke”
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Therapeutic Techniques of Psychoanalysis
Dream analysis The royal road to the unconscious and
Guardian of Sleep
◦Manifest content (what it Appeared to be)
◦Latent content (repressed Thoughts Seeking Expression)
According to Freud’s(1955) dream symbolism theory, dreams contain objects that depict male and female sexuality 17
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The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
The Personal and the Collective Unconscious
Jung shared, yet rejected, many of Freud's beliefs
Jung believed in the importance of the unconscious and the power of dream analysis
Jung favored spirituality and the notion of psychosocial rather than psychosexual energy
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The Personal and the Collective Unconscious
Jung referred to the personal unconscious as a collection of personal experiences
Coined the term ‘complex’ to reflect personal tension
Referred to a collective unconscious to reflect spiritual influences, composed of various archetypes, that are inherited and universal
The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
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Specific ArchetypesThe mandala refers to the goal of a
developing unified self that is a unique process (individuation)
The anima refers to the feminine side of males, whereas the animus refers to the masculine side of females
The shadow archetype refers to the dark side of humanity
The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
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Introversion–ExtroversionJung was the first person to make the
extroversion–introversion distinction Jung viewed extroversion as energy
habitually directed outward and introversion as energy habitually directed inward
Jung viewed extroversion and introversion as different cognitive states that affect attention and objectivity
The Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology
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Adler’s perspective views each person as unique, and he represents a movement called individual psychology
Adler refuted Freud’s notion that sexual urges motivate people
Adler believed that people try to overcome a sense of inferiority that arises from a biological weakness (organ inferiority) or from a psychological weakness
The Neo-Freudians:Alfred Adler
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Styles of Life and the Meaning of Life
Styles of life are unique patterns of life expression that are the result of early life experiences
Meanings that are “gravely mistaken” result from situations that involve organ inferiority, pampered children, and neglected children
The Neo-Freudians:Alfred Adler
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Styles of Life and the Meaning of LifeOrgan inferiority contributes to humiliation
and defensiveness from social comparisons, but can be overcomed
Pampered children feel prominent and may react when they no longer feel this way
Neglected children may become cold and hostile due to their mistrust of others
The Neo-Freudians:Alfred Adler
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Styles of Life and the Meaning of Life Adler’s focus in therapy was on
discovering prototypes (early memories) called old remembrances that determine adult styles of life
Adler outlined four styles of life:1. Ruling Type: desire for control2. Getting Type: dependent on others3. Avoiding Type: avoidant and isolated4. Socially Useful Type: self-control and social
interest
The Neo-Freudians:Alfred Adler
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Social InterestSocial interest develops in childhood and is
influenced by the interaction with the mother
Adler referred to the superiority complex to describe persons having more interest in personal goals than in social interest, and overcompensating for feelings of inferiority
Research has reported low intercorrelations among measures of social interest
The Neo-Freudians:Alfred Adler
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Birth OrderAdler supported a link between birth
order and personality and outlined several types:
Only children are pampered and lack social interest
First-born children are conservative and obedient
Second-born children are best adjusted
The Neo-Freudians:Alfred Adler
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The Importance of Culture and Social Interactions
Horney believed that cultural factors influence personality and individual differences
Horney identified three contradictions for all people:
1. Success vs. Love2. Idealism vs. Frustration3. Independence vs. Situational constraints
The Neo-Freudians:Karen Horney
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Basic Anxiety and Basic HostilityHorney asserted that behavior is
directed by basic anxiety (helplessness, fear of abandonment)
Horney asserted that children develop basic hostility as a result of parental neglect
Horney suggested that a basic conflict arises from contradictions and is central to neurosis
The Neo-Freudians:Karen Horney
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Moving Toward, Against, and Away From People
For Horney, neurosis stems from opposing desires to move toward, against, and away from others which she called attitudes
The Neurotic NeedsHorney outlined ten neurotic needs that
reflect personal maladjustment in moving toward, against, and away from people
The Neo-Freudians:Karen Horney
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The Neo-Freudians:Karen Horney
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The Rorschach Inkblot TestThe Rorschach Inkblot Test consists
of color and back-and-white inkblots of ambiguous stimuli
A participant is presented with 10 inkblots and required to state what is seen in each stimulus
Personality is thus projected onto the inkblot
Psychodynamic Assessment Techniques
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Thank You