“The Psychology Of Evil”

Questions to be Addressed

Can good, ordinary people be transformed into monsters or perpetrators of evil?

Are there certain psychological factors that can help facilitate this transformation?

Sabrina Harman-student that graduated from Fairfax County Public Schools who took AP Psychology.

Warm Up

Get out HW After quiz, clear your desk and get a

marker or colored pencil

Dispositional vs. Situational Fundamental Attribution Error: social

psychological theory that maintains people explain others behavior by overestimating the impact of internal disposition and underestimating the impact of situational influences.

Dispositional Example: those who took part in the Abu Ghraib abuse were sadists or prone to abusive tendencies.

Situational Example: external influences and the social environment mostly explains the abuse that took place at Abu Ghraib.

Social Thinking How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it

Negative behavior

Situational attribution“Maybe that driver is ill.”

Dispositional attribution“Crazy driver!”

Tolerant reaction(proceed cautiously, allowdriver a wide berth)

Unfavorable reaction(speed up and race past theother driver, give a dirty look)

Diffusion of Responsibility Diffusion of Responsibility is a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned.

Examples: Bystander Apathy: less likely to help

emergency victim when many people around.

“Just following orders”—happens in hierarchy

Firing Squads: only one has bullet.

Group Pressure and Conformity

Conformity: means to adjust your behavior to fit in with a group.

Solomon’s Asch’s study illustrated the power of group influence and conformity.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Obedience to Authority

Stanley Milgram’s study is most famous for illustrating the powerful situational influence of authority.

Study completed in 1963. Milgram created the study in part because of his Jewish heritage.

“If Hitler asked you, would you execute a stranger?”

Milgram’s Obediance Study Participants are told they are

participating in a study based on the effects of punishment on learning behavior.

3 Basic People in Study: Participant: teacher who will read word

pairs to the “student.” Student: actor that will be shocked if

answers incorrectly. Experimenter: authority figure in lab coat

that instructs the participant what to do.

Milgram’s Experimental Design The range of electrical shocks had 30

variables ranging from mild shock (15 volts) to Danger Severe Shock and XXX (450 Volts).

Milgram’s Obedience Study Major Question: how many people would

inflict the maximum voltage on the “learner?”

Prior to the experiment, psychologists believed fewer than 1% would inflict maximum damage.

Actual Results: 65% of participants gave “learner”

maximum shock despite feelings of discomfort, no participant stopped prior to 300 volt level.

In studies compliance was as high as 90% and as low as 10% depending on the variables used.

The Power of Obedience: How?

1. Start with an Ideology---purpose is to help science find better ways of learning.

2. Use authority to legitimate ideology---Yale experimenter.

3. Give people desirable roles with meaningful status---teacher

4. Have rules that channel behavioral options and agree to them before “game” begins---explanation of experiment and purpose.

5. Have initial harmful act be minimal and subsequent acts escalate gradually---moves from slight shock gradually to severe…foot in the door phenomenon.

The Power of Obedience: How?

6. Displace responsibility for consequences on authority---Experimenter explains he is liable to the “teacher.”

7. Put Actors in a novel setting they are not used to---laboratory

8. Don’t allow usual forms of dissent to lead to disobedience---encouraged to follow agreement. “It is absolutely essential that you continue.”

Factors which Influenced Compliance in Milgram’s Study

Obedience highest when:-person giving orders is close

at hand.-authority figure is supported

by prestigious institution.-victim is depersonalized and

in another room.-there are no role models for

defiance.

Deindividuation Deindividuation: the loss of

self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Women dressed in

depersonalizing outfits or masks delivered higher levels of shocks than those who were identifiable.

Some argue the process involved in creating soldiers in the military involves deindividuation.

Dehumanization

Dehumanization: the ability to view the victims of violence as somehow less than human. Humans find it

easier to inflict and rationalize violence against victims who seem less than human.

Bandura’s Dehumanization Experiments Group of college students were to help

train other visiting college students using shocks when they erred.

Participants overhear 1 of 3 statements:1. Neutral: the subjects from the other

school are here.2. Humanized: the subjects from the other

school are here and they seem nice.3. Dehumanized: the subjects from the

other school are here and they seem like animals.

Results: escalated aggression toward dehumanized labeled individuals.

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment

Ordinary college students were randomly divided into groups of “prisoners” and “guards.”

“Prisoners” were “arrested” in their homes by real policemen, strip searched, deloused and put into a “jail” created in the basement of the Stanford Psychology Department.

Deindividuation and Dehumanization In Stanford Prison Experiment

Prisoners: Referred to only as a number Wore ill-fitting smocks

without underwear Wore nylon panty-hose over

head to simulate shaved head.

Wore small chain around ankle to remind them of their imprisonoment.

Deindividuation and Dehumanization in Stanford Prison Experiments

Guards: Wore military style

uniform, carried wooden baton

Given reflective sunglasses to avoid eye contact.

Only referred to prisoners by their numbers.

Results of Experiment Role Playing affected both groups

attitudes. After a revolt on the 2nd day, “Prison

Guards” became more and more sadistic in enforcing the law.

“Prisoners” broke down and became more obedient.

“Guards” most sadistic when thought experimenters were not watching them.

Experiment eventually had to be ended early.

Modern Comparison? US soldiers involvement in Abu Ghraib

How might social factors have influenced “ordinary” perpetrators in Nazi Germany?