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THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION 1Copyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
The Quantification of Consumer Attitudes and Behaviors Toward
Counterfeiting
WIPO/OECD Expert Meeting on Measurement and Statistical Issues
Geneva, October 17 and 18, 2005
Chris Stewart, Global Brand ManagerThe Gallup Organization
2THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Copyright Standards
This document contains proprietary research, copyrighted materials, and literary property of The Gallup Organization. It is for the guidance of your company only and is not to be copied, quoted, published, or divulged to others outside of your organization. Gallup®, Q12®, The Gallup Path®, The Gallup Poll®, Business Impact Analysis™, CE11®, SF34®, and SRI® are trademarks of The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
This document is of great value to both your organization and The Gallup Organization. Accordingly, international and domestic laws and penalties guaranteeing patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret protection protect the ideas, concepts, and recommendations related within this document.
No changes may be made to this document without the express written permission of The Gallup Organization.
3THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Reality Check: Why Measure?
Without measurement the problem cannot be managedBaseline for tracking whether future efforts are impacting counterfeitingLobbying for greater enforcement and laws; financial commitments from public and private sectorConsumer and rights-holder education
4THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Research Approaches
Non-measurable, feelings, views, attitudes, beliefs
Small sample
Non-representative sampleUnstructured questionnaire
Exploratory
Large sample
Representative sampleNumerical dataStructured questionnaire
Ability to provide statistically accurate, quantifiable data
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
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Mode of Interviewing
Postal
InterceptMystery ShoppingWeb-based
IVR/In-bound Phone
Outbound Phone (CATI, Pencil and Paper)
Face-to Face (CAPI, Pencil and Paper)
Web-based (only for certain populations and industry sectors. Ideally panel or pre-recruit)
RecommendedNot Recommended
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Art or Science?
More science than art in the design, administration, and analysis of surveysArt plays a role in the way a question is designed
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Methodological Standards
Sample Design – Time frame and sampling errorNon-Response Error – Contact versus completion rateCoverage Error – Sample frame deficienciesMeasurement Error – Intersection of the questionnaire, interviewer, method of data collection
8THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling: Every respondent in the population has an equalchance of selection. Statistical inferences to the population can be made.
• Random Sampling• Stratified Sampling• Cluster Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling: Depends in some part on the personal judgement or the researcher or interviewer. Any attempt to projectdata beyond the group interviewed is statistically invalid.
• Convenience Sampling• Judgemental Sampling• Quota Sampling
9THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Current State of Attitudinal and Behavioral Surveys on Counterfeiting
Wide range of surveys conducted by academia, government, and the private sectorAttitudinal and behavioral data gathered
Diverse geographical and industry focusMajority of research that has been conducted is interesting, butnot projectable to larger populations of interest due to scientific shortcomings:
QualitativeNon-ProbabilityMethod and Sampling Bias
10THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Areas of Inquiry
Perception of Magnitude or Awareness
Involved Parties
Reasons for Counterfeiting
Beneficiaries
Deterrents
Government and Business Support
Purchased (knowingly, not knowingly)
Frequency
VolumeValue
Factors for Purchase
Future Intent
Future Deterrents
Purchase Channels
Attitudinal, Awareness DataStated Intent, Motivational, Behavioral Data
+ Demographics
THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION 11Copyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Attitudinal and Awareness Data
12THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Government Commitment to Find and Prosecute Counterfeiting (E.U.)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Denmark
Netherlands
Belgium
Finland
Portugal
UK
Italy
Germany
France
Luxembourg
Sweden
Greece
Austria
Ireland
5 (Very committed)
4
3
2
1 (Not at all committed)
Don't know (spontaneous)
Refused (spontaneous)
How committed do you think the [:COUNTRY:] government is to find and prosecute counterfeiting?
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
13THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Government Commitment to Find and Prosecute Counterfeiting (Moscow)
Sample Size: n=941
Q: How committed do you think the Moscow government is to find and prosecute counterfeiting?
11% 27% 16% 21%24%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1 2 3 4 5Not Committed At All Very Committed
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Greece
Luxembourg
Denmark
Italy
Belgium
Finland
France
Portugal
Ireland
Austria
UK
Sweden
Netherlands
Germany
Yes
No
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Video games
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
Video Games Perceptions (E.U.)
15THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Q: To what extent do you believe the following are reasons for piracy and counterfeiting? Using a scale of one-to-five, where 5 means you think it definitely is a reason for piracy and counterfeiting and 1 means it is not a reason at all for piracy and counterfeiting, how would you rate the following as reasons for piracy and counterfeiting?
Reasons For Piracy And Counterfeiting (U.S.)
Sample Size: n=1,304
27.35
25.31
24.82
26.37
27.22
34.98
28.83
29.37
29.84
41.76
45.59
53.79
2.8
6.78
7.34
8.08
9.28
9.88
9.69
11.17
12.11
17.73
17.33
18.45
8.7
14.33
19.05
19.15
22.27
21.43
21.48
23.36
22.5
21.07
20.92
15.01
15.85
19
18.66
19.7
16.76
11.08
19.06
16.39
15
8.71
6.09
5.94
45.3
34.58
30.13
26.69
24.47
22.63
20.94
20.59
20.55
10.73
10.07
6.8
Easy Profit for Counterfeiters
Easy to Produce Fake Products
High Prices of Genuine Goods/Products
Little or No Risk for Producers and Sellers at Counterfeits
Weak Penalties Exist for Counterfeiting and Piracy
Sellers and Retailers Don’t Pay Tax on Counterfeiter
Lack of Law Enforcement Mechanisms
Weak Laws Existing Against Counterfeiting and Piracy
Low Household Incomes
The Government Doesn’t Care about Counterfeiting
Corruption at Law Enforcement Officials
Absence or Shortage of Genuine Products
1 2 3 4 5
Not a Reason at all for Piracy/Counterfeiting
Definitely is a Reason for Piracy/Counterfeiting
16THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Q: Which groups or organizations do you believe benefit from piracy or counterfeiting?
Sample Size: n=1,304
Groups Or Organizations Benefiting From Piracy Or Counterfeiting (Open-Ended) (U.S.)
29.7%
28.0%
18.9%
17.9%
10.2%
7.7%
7.1%
5.7%
4.1%
3.1%
2.7%
2.5%
1.7%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Those Who Make/Create Products
Sellers/Those That Distribute Products
Don't Know
Those Who Buy/Purchase The Products
Organized Crime
Criminals/Crooks
None/No One
Importers/Exporters
Younger Kids/College Kids
Terrorist Organizations
Other
Poor Low Income People
Private Citizens
Government Officials
Music Industry
People With No Morals
17THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Groups Involved In Producing Or Distributing Imitation Or Counterfeit Products (Aided) (U.S.)
Sample Size: n=1,304
Q: In your opinion, which of the following groups are involved with producing or distributing imitation or counterfeited products?
84.1% 83.4%
72.4%
48.0%
19.5%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Importers OrganizedCrime
Exporters TerroristOrganizations
GovernmentOfficials
THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION 18Copyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Stated Intent, Motivational, Behavioral Data
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Purchased, Copied, Or Downloaded Any Imitation Or Counterfeit Product In The Past Year (U.S.)
No 87%
Yes 13%
Q: Have you personally purchased, copied, or downloaded any imitation or counterfeit products in the past year in any of the following categories?
2.0%Computer Application Software (Word, Excel, Etc.)
Purchased*
1.8%Jewelry
1.6%Tools or Auto Parts
0.9%Tobacco
0.9%Alcoholic Beverages
3.2%Pharmaceuticals or Medicines
2.2%Video Games
1.4%Computer Operating Systems (Windows, Mac)
3.3%Movies (VHS, VCDs, DVDs)
5.1%Music CDs or Audiocassettes
1.2%Brand Name Watches
3.3%Brand Name Fashion Clothing
Sample Size: n=1,304*Half of those who purchased goods bought in more than one category
20THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Aware Product Was Imitation Or Counterfeit(Aware In At Least One Category) (U.S.)
Not Aware47.4%
Aware 52.6%
49.4%Computer Application Software (Word, Excel, Etc.)
Aware*
53.4%Jewelry
39.5%Tools or Auto Parts
61.6%Tobacco
28.5%Alcoholic Beverages
46.8%Pharmaceuticals or Medicines
38.4%Video Games
58.9%Computer Operating Systems (Windows, Mac)
45.1%Movies (VHS, VCDs, DVDs)
51.1%Music CDs or Audiocassettes
39.2%Brand Name Watches
50.8%Brand Name Fashion Clothing
Sample Size: n=170*Caution: Small Sample Size
Q: Prior to purchasing, were you aware it was an imitation or counterfeit product?
21THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Purchase Factors (U.S.)
Q: Which of the following were factors in your purchase of an imitation or counterfeit product?
Sample Size: n=170*Caution: Small Sample Size
77.65%72.94%
67.65%
27.06%
9.41%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Easily Available Buy SameQuality At
Better Price
GenuineProduct Price
Too High
Buy EarlierThan Licensed
ProductAppeared
Others
% Y
es*
22THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Q: Would you have purchased the imitation you previously mentioned you bought if you knew the seller was (__)?
Purchase Deterrents (U.S.)(Asked Among Those Who Had Purchased Counterfeit Goods)
97.3
96.0
95.8
91.3
78.4
66.6
2.7
4.0
4.2
8.7
21.6
33.4
Sponsoring A Terrorist Organization
Funding A Terrorist Act
Funding Organized Crime
Using Earnings To Bribe Government Officials
Damaging Creator Or Owner Of Brand
Not Paying Sales Tax
Would Not Have Purchased Would Have Purchased
Sample Size: n=170*Caution: Small Sample Size
23THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Limitations of a Survey Based Approach
Snapshot of Time and Seasonality FactorsEven with a Scientific Design and Administration Biases can Remain CostLength of Instrument (Respondent fatigue after 15 to 18 minutes begins to degrade data)Analytic Bias (Cross-Country Comparison)Difficult to Capture Data from Some Service or Industrial SectorsMeasurement Gap on Purchase Data for Those Unaware of Counterfeit Purchase
24THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Improvement of Quality and Information
Standardized Metrics and Industry Classes with a Focus on ActionabilityProbability Designs so that Data can be ExtrapolatedFrequency, Volume, and Value Data GatheringA View Toward both Attitudinal and Behavioral dataFactoring for Substitutability in any ExtrapolationsThe China Problem Longitudinal EffortDetermination of Age Standards
25THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
The Substitutability Dilemma
Not all categories of counterfeit goods and services are perfectsubstitutions for legitimate offerings.
One potential solution is the use of Preference Structure Modeling techniques.
• Conjoint – Customers and potential customers evaluate a series of hypothetical and real products as defined by their features.
• Discrete Choice – Consumers are asked to view a series of competing products and select at least one.
By conducting industry level analysis and a short assessment of actual past behaviour, a factor can be derived that would indicate the ratio of substitutability for product categories. This weight could then be applied to behavioral volume and value data to derive a cost and severity estimate.
THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION 26Copyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Extra Slides
27THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Methodology
• 1,304 completed interviews among U.S. adults 18 years of age or older
• Computer assisted telephone interviewing
• Interviewing conducted January 10-January 20, 2005
• Based on a sample size of 1,304, the margin of error at a 95% confidence level is +/- 2.7%.
28THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Counterfeiting And Piracy Laws
Sample Size: n=1,304
Q: Do you believe counterfeiting and piracy laws should be stricter, left as they are, or made less strict?
72.0%
32.7%
7.7%1.9%1.9%3.3%
22.8%
57.7%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Should BeStricter
Left As They Are Less Strict Don't Know
Not Purchased
Purchased
29THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Familiar With The Term “Intellectual Property Rights”
No 60.3%
Yes 39.4%
Sample Size: n=1,304
Q: Are you familiar with the term Intellectual Property Rights?
THE GALLUP ORGANIZATION 30Copyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Counterfeiting in Europe
Perceptions on Counterfeiting
2005
31THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Methodology
Random digit dial telephone methodologyInterviewing conducted May – August 2005Average sample size is 2,000; Luxembourg sample size 800For results based on a sample size of 2,000, one can say with 95% confidence that the margin of sampling error is +/-2.2 percentage points; for a sample size of 800 the margin of error is +/-3.5 percentage points.
All questions were not asked in every country
32THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Sweden
Luxembourg
Finland
Ireland
Denmark
UK
Netherlands
Austria
Belgium
Greece
France
Italy
Portugal
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Branded Fashion Clothing
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
33THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Finland
Denmark
Ireland
Luxembourg
Sweden
Netherlands
UK
Italy
Greece
Portugal
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Branded Watches
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
34THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Luxembourg
Denmark
France
Austria
Belgium
Finland
UK
Ireland
Greece
Sweden
Portugal
Italy
Netherlands
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Music CDs/Audio Cassettes
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
35THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Denmark
Luxembourg
Finland
Austria
Greece
France
Belgium
Ireland
UK
Sweden
Portugal
Italy
Netherlands
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? VHS/VCD/DVDs
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
36THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ireland
Luxembourg
Greece
UK
Denmark
Finland
Italy
Austria
Belgium
France
Portugal
Sweden
Netherlands
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Computer Operating Systems (Windows, Mac)
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ireland
Greece
Luxembourg
Finland
UK
Italy
France
Denmark
Belgium
Austria
Portugal
Netherlands
Germany
Sweden
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Computer Application Software (Word, Excel, Adobe, etc.)
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ireland
Luxembourg
Italy
Portugal
UK
Greece
Belgium
Finland
Netherlands
Sweden
France
Austria
Denmark
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Pharmaceuticals and Medicine
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Italy
Luxembourg
Denmark
Ireland
Belgium
Netherlands
France
UK
Finland
Austria
Germany
Portugal
Greece
Sweden
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Alcoholic Beverages
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
40THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Luxembourg
Denmark
Italy
Belgium
Finland
Portugal
Netherlands
Ireland
Greece
UK
Sweden
Austria
France
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Tobacco
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
UK
Luxembourg
Denmark
Netherlands
Finland
Italy
Ireland
Belgium
Portugal
Sweden
France
Austria
Greece
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Tools, Auto Parts
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
42THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Denmark
Finland
Netherlands
Ireland
Portugal
Sweden
Italy
Luxembourg
UK
France
Greece
Belgium
Austria
Germany
YesNo
Don't Know
Refused
Does Not Apply
Do you think that imitations for the following goods are widely available in [:COUNTRY:]? Jewelry
Sample sizes: Austria (2,004), Belgium (2,014), Denmark (2,011), Finland (2,001), France (2,016), Germany (2,025), Greece (2,020), Ireland (2,003), Italy (2,023), Luxembourg (800), Netherlands (2,010), Portugal (2,011), Spain (2,037), and Sweden (2,012)
43THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Methodology
1,008 completed interviews with Moscow residents – 18 years of age and olderInterviewing conducted via Computer Assisted TelephoneMargin of error based on 1,008 interviews is +/-3%Interviewing conducted during February 2005
44THE GALLUP ORGANIZATIONCopyright © 2005 The Gallup Organization, Princeton, NJ. All rights reserved.
Groups Involved with Producing or Distributing Counterfeit Products (Moscow Residents)
Sample Size: n=1,008
Q: Are the following groups involved with producing or distributing counterfeited products?
88.2% 88.5%
76.1%
55.4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Corrupt GovernmentOfficials
Organized Crime Importers &Exporters
TerroristOrganizations