the rapid growth of cities urbanization. urbanization collaborative lecture our goal for today is to...
TRANSCRIPT
Urbanization Collaborative Lecture• Our goal for today is to help each other understand the problems that came along
with urbanization.• You will be in six groups. Each group will be responsible for one of the following
topics. Sign up for your group on the whiteboard when you get to class, then sit with your group.
– Housing– Transportation– Water– Sanitation– Crime– Fire
• You will have 30 minutes to work with your group to produce 1-2 PowerPoint slides that:
– Explain the problem– Define the key terms– Explain solutions and how well they worked– Represent these problems visually
• After 30 minutes, email me your slides ([email protected]) and I will put them together into one presentation.
Urbanization in the US
• The technological boom of the 19th century led to growing industrialism in the US—this contributed to rapid urbanization– Available factory jobs required many unskilled
laborers• Concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest• Most immigrants coming to the US settled in
cities– Convenient to jobs– Cheap living accommodations
10 Largest Cities in the US—1900
New YorkChicago
Philadelphia
St. Louis
Boston
Baltimore
Cleveland
San Francisco
CincinnatiPittsburg
Americanization Movement
• A movement to assimilate people of diverse backgrounds into the dominant culture– Make them “Americans”
• Social campaign sponsored by the government and concerned citizens– Implemented in schools and voluntary associations
• Taught immigrants English, history, government, cooking, etiquette
• Immigrants did not always want to abandon their culture– Live in ethnic communities—often overcrowded
neighborhoods
Other Trends—Country to City
• In addition to immigrants moving to cities, many former rural families moved to urban centers– Fewer farm jobs with mechanization
Other Trends—Country to City
• African Americans migrate North– About 200,000 African
Americans move North between 1890-1910
– Former farmers– Escape racial violence, race-
based limitations– Economic limitations– Most go to Chicago and Detroit
• Often result in racial tensions
Housing
• The population of the cities were rapidly growing and housing options became slim.
• There were two housing options which included living in a house in the outskirts of town, and the other was living in the city with multiple families in a cramped house.
• After families left the city immigrants would take over single family houses with two to three families.
Housing Cont.
• Jacob Riis pointed out, that the multifamily urban dwellings, called tenements, were overcrowded and unsanitary.
• The insanitariness' of the facilities became too much so congress passed a law requiring a minimum sanitation requirement for the houses.
Mass Transit
• Mass Transit: Transportation Systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes within a single city.
• Streetcars introduced in San Francisco in 1873• Electric Subways introduced in Boston in 1897• Linked city neighborhoods to each other and
to suburbs
Problems
• Many people wanted to use the public transportation
• Repairing old transit systems while simultaneously building new transit systems to expand with the growing population of cities was difficult
Solutions• Transit systems moved from a private enterprise
to a public enterprise• Cities could spend more money to improve public
transit and build new lines• Subways were made underground with the
additional money that cities could provide for public transportation
• Solutions worked well as many new transportation systems were made, and the old ones were repaired to continue to be used in service.
Sanitation∞ Problems of Sanitation
∞ City water was disgusting, due to the factories dumping waste.
∞ Horse feces were on the city walk ways.∞ No trash collectors.∞ Factories spewed smoke∞ Cities population grew, which made it
harder to keep the city clean.∞ Sewage overflowed.∞ Garbage was dumped into the streets
with no regard for cleanliness
∞ Solutions∞ Scavengers were hired to sweep garbage
out of the streets.∞ 1900s many cities developed a service
lines and created sanitation committees ∞ Filtration system was developed to
improve water.
Issues w/ Water during Urbanization
• Major cities built public water works in the 1840’s, and even by the 1860’s some cities had severely inadequate water supply, or maybe none at all. In most cities, indoor plumbing was non-existent. People had to collect water in buckets from faucets in the street, and then heat it for bathing. Lack of filtration of water led to spreading disease. Filtering water began in the 1870’s, and then chlorination in 1908. However even in the early 19th century many city-folk did not have safe drinking water.
The Problem
• In larger cities crime was a larger problem than in smaller cities.
• This was a problem because of the massive amount of poverty and the population.
• As the population in cities increased, pickpockets and thieves flourished.
Solutions; How They Worked
• Although New York City organized the first full-time, salaried police force in 1884, it and most other city law enforcement units were too small to have much of an impact on crime.
Fire-Problem Limited water supply to put out fires City housing was mostly made out of wood
and flammable materials Fires spread very quickly Factories (Triangle Shirtwaist Fire) had oily
machines that could easily catch on fire and had limited exits
Most people used candles and kerosene heaters which easily caught on fire
Fire-Solutions
• First fire departments were established• Volunteers no longer needed• Automatic fire sprinkler to put out the fires• Wood houses were rebuilt with bricks or steel
Social Welfare Reformers
• Targeted urban-poor—mainly immigrants• Social Gospel Movement—early reform movement
– Salvation through service to the poor
• Settlement houses—community centers– Run by middle-class, college-educated, women– Provided education
• Classes in English, health, painting, etc
– Visiting nurses– Aid for widows, deserted women, injured women