The Reaction Against Revolutionary The Reaction Against Revolutionary IdeasIdeas

UNIT #2-GLOBAL HISTORYUNIT #2-GLOBAL HISTORY

LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICAINDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN LATIN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN LATIN

AMERICAAMERICA

Case Study: Case Study:

TOUSSAINT TOUSSAINT L’OVERTUREL’OVERTURE

• The French colony of The French colony of HaitiHaiti was the first was the first Latin American colony Latin American colony to to revoltrevolt against against EuropeanEuropean rulerule..

• In 1791, a self-In 1791, a self-educated former educated former slaveslave named named ToussaintToussaint L’OuvertureL’Ouverture led a led a revoltrevolt against against the the FrenchFrench ownersowners of of the island’s the island’s sugarsugar plantationsplantations..

• Toussaint was Toussaint was familiar with the familiar with the works of the works of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment thinkersthinkers and and wanted to lead his wanted to lead his people to people to libertyliberty. .

• He gained control He gained control of the island which of the island which allowed the Haitian allowed the Haitian slaves to win their slaves to win their freedomfreedom in 1798. in 1798.

• After a After a failedfailed attempt by attempt by NapoleonNapoleon forces to retake the forces to retake the island, Haitians formerly island, Haitians formerly declareddeclared their their independenceindependence in 1804. in 1804.

• HaitiHaiti became a became a republicrepublic in in 1820.1820.

Case Study: Case Study:

SIMON BOLIVARSIMON BOLIVAR

• In South America In South America during the early during the early 1800s, an educated 1800s, an educated creolecreole named named SimonSimon BolivarBolivar led resistance led resistance movements against movements against the the SpanishSpanish..

• Bolivar was inspired Bolivar was inspired by the by the ideasideas of the of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment, along , along with the with the FrenchFrench and and AmericanAmerican RevolutionsRevolutions..

• Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar vowed to vowed to fightfight Spanish rule in Spanish rule in SouthSouth AmericaAmerica..

• Called “Called “thethe LiberatorLiberator,” Bolivar ,” Bolivar became one of the became one of the greatest greatest LatinLatin AmericanAmerican nationalistnationalist leadersleaders of this period.of this period.

• However, Bolivar did However, Bolivar did fail to unite Latin fail to unite Latin America as a single America as a single state, instead state, instead multiplemultiple independentindependent statesstates emerged. emerged.

• These nations faced These nations faced a long struggle to a long struggle to gain gain stabilitystability, , achieve achieve socialsocial equalityequality, and , and eliminateeliminate povertypoverty. .

THE REACTION THE REACTION AGAINST AGAINST

REVOLUTIONARY IDEASREVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICAThe Failure of Democracy and the The Failure of Democracy and the

Search for StabilitySearch for Stability

• Although Although revolutionaries in revolutionaries in Latin America had Latin America had eliminated Spanish eliminated Spanish rule life did not rule life did not improve for most improve for most people after they people after they achieved achieved independence. independence.

• RevoltsRevolts and and civilcivil warswars broke out while broke out while povertypoverty and and prejudiceprejudice continued.continued.

• ManyMany factorsfactors made it made it difficult for Latin difficult for Latin American nations to American nations to benefit from these benefit from these revolutions. revolutions.

Geographic BarriersGeographic Barriers

• The Latin American nations that gained The Latin American nations that gained independence in the 1800s covered a vast independence in the 1800s covered a vast area, from Mexico to the southern tip of area, from Mexico to the southern tip of South America.South America.

• This area included numerous This area included numerous geographicgeographic barriersbarriers, such as the , such as the AndesAndes MountainsMountains..

• FightsFights between various leaders and between various leaders and nationalisticnationalistic feelingsfeelings within isolated groups within isolated groups also kept Latin Americans from uniting. also kept Latin Americans from uniting.

Social InjusticeSocial Injustice• Despite the Despite the

establishmentestablishment of of Latin American Latin American republicsrepublics with with constitutionsconstitutions, , democracydemocracy did not did not follow.follow.

• One problem was that One problem was that the the colonialcolonial classclass structurestructure remained remained largely intact.largely intact.

• CreolesCreoles-those of -those of European descent European descent born in the colonies-born in the colonies-were the ruling class.were the ruling class.

• MestizosMestizos (people of (people of mixed Native mixed Native American and American and European decent), European decent), mulattosmulattos (people of (people of mixed African and mixed African and European descent), European descent), IndiansIndians and and AfricansAfricans gained few rights and gained few rights and faced racial prejudice.faced racial prejudice.

Power of the ChurchPower of the Church• The Roman Catholic The Roman Catholic

Church acted as a Church acted as a stabilizingstabilizing forceforce in in Latin America and Latin America and promotedpromoted educationeducation..

• However, the Church However, the Church owned large amounts owned large amounts of of landland in Latin in Latin America which gave America which gave them a great deal of them a great deal of powerpower..

Military Rulers Military Rulers • Local Local militarymilitary

strongmenstrongmen called called caudilloscaudillos put put together their own together their own armiesarmies and and challenged central challenged central governments.governments.

• Some caudillos even Some caudillos even gained gained controlcontrol ofof governmentsgovernments..

• These These dictatorsdictators usually favored the usually favored the upperupper classclass..

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

• CASHCASH CROPCROP ECONOMIESECONOMIES-Under colonial rule, -Under colonial rule, Latin American economies had become Latin American economies had become dependentdependent onon tradetrade with Spain and Portugal. with Spain and Portugal.

• Latin American colonies sent Latin American colonies sent rawraw materialsmaterials such as such as sugarsugar, , cottoncotton, and , and coffeecoffee to Europe to Europe and imported and imported manufacturedmanufactured goodsgoods..

Cash Crop Economies Cash Crop Economies cont.cont.

• DependenceDependence on just on just oneone cropcrop or even a few or even a few crops makes a crops makes a nationnation’s ’s economyeconomy very very unstableunstable..

• If a drought or crop failure occurs, or of If a drought or crop failure occurs, or of prices for products fall, the economy can be prices for products fall, the economy can be devastated.devastated.

THE THE MEXICAN MEXICAN

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION(1910-1930)(1910-1930)

CAUSES…CAUSES…

• General General PorfirioPorfirio DiazDiaz ruled ruled MexicoMexico as a as a dictatordictator in the late in the late 1800s and early 1900s.1800s and early 1900s.

• DiazDiaz brought brought economiceconomic advancesadvances to Mexico; to Mexico; railroads were built and railroads were built and industry grew.industry grew.

• However, the However, the wealthwealth went to a small went to a small upperupper classclass..

• The rule of Diaz, The rule of Diaz, who brutally who brutally suppressed suppressed opposition, left opposition, left most Mexicans most Mexicans uneducateduneducated, , landlesslandless, and , and poorpoor. .

• Finally, in 1910 Finally, in 1910 the the discontentdiscontent boiled over into a boiled over into a revolutionrevolution that that forced Diaz from forced Diaz from power.power.

Key Figures…Key Figures…Several local leaders assisted in leading the Several local leaders assisted in leading the

revolution.revolution.

• EmilianoEmiliano ZapataZapata--led a led a large peasant revolt in large peasant revolt in the south, calling for the south, calling for landland reformreform..

• FranciscoFrancisco “ “PanchoPancho” ” VillaVilla-fought against -fought against the U.S. government the U.S. government when they sided with when they sided with Mexico.Mexico.

• VenustianoVenustiano CarranzaCarranza--elected elected presidentpresident of of Mexico in 1917.Mexico in 1917.

EFFECTS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION…REVOLUTION…

The Constitution of 1917The Constitution of 1917• The The newnew constitutionconstitution

agreed to by agreed to by Carranza in 1917 Carranza in 1917 called for called for landland reformreform, gave the , gave the governmentgovernment controlcontrol of of ChurchChurch estatesestates, , and and guaranteedguaranteed more more rightsrights to to workersworkers and and to to womenwomen..

Social ReformsSocial Reforms• Mexico was the first Mexico was the first

Latin American nation Latin American nation to achieve to achieve socialsocial and and economiceconomic reformreform for the for the majority of its people.majority of its people.

• For example, the For example, the government set up government set up librarieslibraries and and schoolsschools..

• Some Some NativeNative communities were communities were given given landland that had that had been taken from them.been taken from them.

Economic NationalismEconomic Nationalism

• Mexico became Mexico became determined to determined to develop its own develop its own economyeconomy..

• The Mexican The Mexican government brought government brought industriesindustries under under governmentgovernment controlcontrol or took over foreign-or took over foreign-owned industries.owned industries.

Cultural NationalismCultural Nationalism• In the 1920s and In the 1920s and

1930s writers in 1930s writers in Mexico and other Mexico and other parts of Latin America parts of Latin America began to began to taketake pridepride inin theirtheir cultureculture..

• These These nationalisticnationalistic feelings helped revive feelings helped revive interests in interests in muralmural paintingpainting..

• These paintings These paintings showed the showed the strugglesstruggles of the Mexican people of the Mexican people for for freedomfreedom..

GLOBAL GLOBAL NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

Role in Role in Political Political RevolutionsRevolutionsGlobal NationalismGlobal Nationalism

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

• NationalismNationalism--a feeling of a feeling of pridepride inin and and devotiondevotion toto one’s one’s countrycountry..

– Example: If you take great pride in being Example: If you take great pride in being an a citizen of the United States of an a citizen of the United States of America, these feelings are considered America, these feelings are considered nationalistic (nationalism).nationalistic (nationalism).

Force for Force for Unification & Self-Unification & Self-

DeterminationDeterminationNationalistic feelings became an Nationalistic feelings became an increasingly significant force increasingly significant force

for self-determination and for self-determination and unification in Europe.unification in Europe.

ITALYITALY

Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini• One of the three great One of the three great

leadersleaders of of ItalianItalian nationalismnationalism was was Giuseppe Giuseppe MazziniMazzini..

• Mazzini formed the Mazzini formed the YoungYoung ItalyItaly nationalnational movementmovement in 1831, but in 1831, but he was he was exiledexiled for his for his views.views.

• His writings and His writings and speeches provided speeches provided inspirationinspiration to the to the nationalisticnationalistic movementmovement..

Count Camillo Count Camillo CavourCavour

• CountCount Camillo Camillo CavourCavour was the was the primeprime ministerminister of the Italian of the Italian state of state of SardiniaSardinia..

• He shrewdly formed He shrewdly formed alliancesalliances with France with France and later with and later with Prussia.Prussia.

• He used He used diplomacydiplomacy and and warwar to drive to drive AustrianAustrian powerpower from from Italy in order to bring Italy in order to bring unificationunification to the to the peninsula. peninsula.

Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi

• Giuseppe Giuseppe GaribaldiGaribaldi was a was a soldier who led soldier who led the forces that the forces that won control of won control of southern Italy southern Italy and helped it to and helped it to uniteunite with the with the north. north.

Unification of ItalyUnification of Italy

• By 1861, Victor By 1861, Victor Emmanuel of Emmanuel of Sardinia was Sardinia was crowned king of a crowned king of a unitedunited ItalyItaly..

• Rome and Venetia, Rome and Venetia, at first not part of at first not part of Italy, were Italy, were included by 1870.included by 1870.

GERMANYGERMANY

The Rise of PrussiaThe Rise of Prussia• In the 1830s, In the 1830s, PrussiaPrussia set up a set up a tradetrade unionunion

among among GermanGerman statesstates called the called the ZollvereinZollverein. . • This This agreementagreement ended ended tradetrade barriersbarriers between between

the states and was a step toward the states and was a step toward unityunity..• More important, it established More important, it established PrussiaPrussia as a as a

leader among the states.leader among the states.

Otto von Otto von BismarckBismarck

• In 1862, In 1862, OttoOtto vonvon BismarckBismarck was appointed was appointed chancellorchancellor of of PrussiaPrussia..

• Over the next decade Over the next decade Bismarck, a strong and Bismarck, a strong and practical leader, practical leader, guidedguided GermanGerman unificationunification..

• Aside from unification, Aside from unification, Bismarck sought to Bismarck sought to make the Prussian king make the Prussian king the ruler of a strong and the ruler of a strong and united German state.united German state.

• BismarckBismarck believed that the believed that the only way to only way to unifyunify GermanyGermany was through a was through a policypolicy he he called “called “bloodblood andand ironiron.”.”

• Not believing in Not believing in speechesspeeches and and representativerepresentative governmentgovernment, , BismarckBismarck believed that the only way believed that the only way to to uniteunite the German states the German states was through was through warwar..

• In seven years Prussia was In seven years Prussia was involved in 3 wars, each involved in 3 wars, each bringing the German bringing the German states closer to states closer to unificationunification. .

• In 1871, the German states In 1871, the German states unitedunited under under the the PrussianPrussian kingking, , WilliamWilliam II..

• As their ruler, William called himself the As their ruler, William called himself the kaiserkaiser, a title that was derived from the , a title that was derived from the name name CaesarCaesar and meant “ and meant “emperoremperor.” .”

ZIONISMZIONISMGLOBAL NATIONALISMGLOBAL NATIONALISM

• The rise of The rise of nationalismnationalism in Europe had led in Europe had led to an intensification of to an intensification of antianti--SemitismSemitism in in the late 1800s.the late 1800s.

• As citizens grew more As citizens grew more patrioticpatriotic about their about their ownown nationsnations, they often grew more , they often grew more intolerantintolerant of those whom they saw as of those whom they saw as outsidersoutsiders, including , including JewsJews..

• As As antianti--SemitismSemitism ( (antianti--JewJew) grew in Europe, ) grew in Europe, some some JewsJews moved to moved to PalestinePalestine, the ancient , the ancient Jewish Jewish homelandhomeland, buying , buying landland that they that they organized into organized into farmingfarming communitiescommunities..

• A Jewish journalist named Theodor Herzl A Jewish journalist named Theodor Herzl called for called for JewsJews to establish to establish theirtheir ownown statestate..

• Herzl’s writings helped to build Herzl’s writings helped to build ZionismZionism, the , the movement devoted to building a movement devoted to building a JewishJewish statestate in in PalestinePalestine. .

• Herzl’s dream of an Herzl’s dream of an independentindependent IsraelIsrael was was realized a little more than 50 years later. realized a little more than 50 years later.

Force Leading to Force Leading to ConflictsConflictsGLOBAL NATIONALISMGLOBAL NATIONALISM

Balkans before Balkans before WWIWWI

The Ottoman Empire as the Pawn The Ottoman Empire as the Pawn of European Powersof European Powers

• NationalismNationalism was a was a sourcesource ofof conflictconflict in the in the BalkansBalkans peninsula of peninsula of southeastern Europe.southeastern Europe.

• In the 1800s, the In the 1800s, the OttomanOttoman empireempire still still ruledruled much of the area, much of the area, which was home to which was home to many groups.many groups.

• Among these were Among these were SerbsSerbs, , GreeksGreeks, , BulgariansBulgarians, and , and RomaniansRomanians..

• During the 1800s, During the 1800s, nationalistnationalist groupsgroups in the in the Balkans Balkans rebelledrebelled against against this foreign rule.this foreign rule.

• The nations of Europe The nations of Europe viewed the Ottoman viewed the Ottoman empire as “empire as “thethe sicksick manman ofof EuropeEurope.”.”

• They hoped to gain They hoped to gain landland from the from the Ottoman empire.Ottoman empire.

• RussiaRussia, , AustriaAustria--HungaryHungary, , BritainBritain, and , and FranceFrance all all enteredentered intointo alliancesalliances and and warswars that were designed to that were designed to gaingain territoryterritory from the from the Ottoman empire.Ottoman empire.

• In the early years of 1900, In the early years of 1900, crisiscrisis afterafter crisiscrisis broke out on the broke out on the BalkanBalkan peninsula. peninsula.

• By 1914, the Balkans were the “By 1914, the Balkans were the “powderpowder kegkeg ofof EuropeEurope.”.”

• TensionsTensions would soon would soon explodeexplode into a full- into a full-scale global conflict: scale global conflict: WorldWorld WarWar II..