the red scare of 1919-20. political philosophies radical (socialist/ communist in this era) refers...
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THE RED SCARE OF 1919-20
Political Philosophies
Radical (Socialist/ Communist in this era) Refers to advocating drastic revolutionary changes in society and in the gov’t.
Conservative Refers to preserving the existing order; conserving rather than changing (often
means pro-business) Reactionary
Desire to move society backwards into a past society, usually idealized. -- Mugwumps; some Progressives wanting to return to WASP ideals
Liberal Advocating changes in society’s institutions to reflect changing conditions. --
Progressive movement These terms refer to means as well as ends; one can pursue radical
goals by conservative means, e.g., socialists running for political office in a democratic political system (Eugene Debs)
CAUSES OF FEAR SOCIAL UNREST PATRIOTISM THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION POST WAR STRIKES BOMBINGS THE WORK OF A. MITCHELL PALMER
ATTORNEY GENERAL
THIS IS THE STORY OF HOW… FEAR AND PREJUDICE LEAD TO A
VIOLATION OF BASIC CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.
LISTEN AND LEARN
"Red Scare" and the "Great Unrest"
Fear of Radicalism Red Summer
Racial Violence
October 1917: Bolshevik Revolution
Strikes After WWI Result of inflation during the war Frustrated union-organizing drives More strikes occurred in 1917 but number of
strikers far more in 1919. 20% of all workers Largest proportion in U.S. history
Many Americans believed that labor troubles were the result of Bolshevism Billy Sunday
Wilson is absent
Seattle General Strike January 1919 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike All unions in Seattle demanded higher pay for
shipyard workers Seattle mayor called for federal troops to
head off the “anarchy of Russia” Labor sought industrial
democracy
Boston Police Strike September 1919
Over 70% of Boston’s 1,500 policemen went on strike seeking wage increases and the right to unionize.
Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard
Police went on strike in 37 cities
They were fired and they recruited from the National Guard.
Steel Strike and United Mine Workers of America Strike
Steel Strike AFL attempted to organize the steel industry September 1919 Judge Elbert H. Gary: Head of USX refused to negotiate After violence the use of federal and state troops Broken January 1920
United Mine Workers of American Strike Under John L. Lewis
Struck for shorter hours and higher wages on November 1, 1919. Attorney General Palmer obtained injunctions and called off the
strikes
Palmer Raids After bomb scares, Wilson’s Attorney General,
A. Mitchell Palmer, got $500K from Congress to "tear out the radical seeds that have entangled American ideas in their poisonous theories.“
Nov. 1919, 249 "radicals" deported to Russia after nationwide dragnets; mostly anarchists
Jan. 2, 1920, 5,000 suspected communists arrested in 33 cities during
Public Reaction The end of the Red Scare Use of Red Scare to break back of
conservatives
Sacco and Vanzetti 1921, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
charged & convicted of killing two people in a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts
Defendants were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers
Judge Webster Thayer and the Massachusetts Supreme Court
In 1927, Judge Thayer sentenced the men to death by electric chair
Ku Klux Klan Resurgence of the Klan began in the South but
also spread heavily into the Southwest and the North Central states
Birth of a Nation More resembled nativist "Know-Nothings of 1850s
and American Protective Association of late 19th century.
Anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti- Communist
Demise of the KKK David Stephenson
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/themap/map.html
Closing the doors on immigration 1921 Immigration Act
Ended open immigration with a limit and quota system
1924 National Origins Act (Immigration Act of 1924) Reduced immigration to
152,000 total per annum.
Scopes Trial Fundamentalists
Believed teaching of Darwinian evolution was destroying faith in God and the Bible while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth in the jazz age.
"Monkey Trial" -- 1925 in Dayton, eastern Tennessee John Scopes ACLU Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan
Prohibition 18th Amendment
ratified by states in 1919
Volstead Act of 1919 implemented the amendment
Problems with enforcement
Results of Prohibition Rise of organized crime
Al Capone John Dillinger
Rise of speakeasies Prohibition was repealed in 1933
Glorification of Business The Man Nobody
Knows Bruce Barton
Calvin Coolidge Businessman “ruled”
the nation
Booming Economy US came out of WWI the world’s largest
creditor nation. Between 1922 and 1928 industrial
productivity Wages at an all-time high Electric power increased 19-fold between
1912 and 1929.
New Technology New Industries Inventions Construction 1st Trans-Atlantic Telephone
Revolution in Business Corporate
Mergers continue
Managerial Corporate leadership began to be controlled by
college-trained, replaceable managers. Business schools open Businesses add in more layers of management
New White Collar Workers 1920-1930
white collar jobs rose 38.1% 10.5 million to 14.5 million 1900, 18% of workers white collar; 444% by 1930
Manual labor jobs up only 7.9%, 28.5 million to 30.7 million.
Huge increase of consumer products created a need for advertising and sales people.
Women increasingly entered the work force.
Advertising emerged as a new industry Manufacturers mastered problems of
production Need mass market base Used persuasion, allure, and sexual
suggestion Sports Became a big business
Babe Ruth Jack Dempsey
Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor Started movement to develop more efficient
working methods The Principles of Scientific Management
1911 Henry Ford
Henry Ford Detroit emerged as the
automobile capital of the world
Ford realized workers were also consumers
Ford’s use of the assembly line made him about $25,000 a day throughout the 1920s Model-T
The Impact of the Automobile Replaced the steel industry as the king industry in America. Employed about 6 million people by 1930. Supporting industries such as rubber, glass, fabrics, highway construction, and thousands
of service stations and garages. Nation’s standard of living improved. Railroad industry decimated by passenger cars, buses, and trucks. Speedy marketing of perishable foodstuffs were accelerated. New network of highways emerged; 387,000 mi. in 1921 to 662,000 in 1929 Leisure time spent traveling to new open spaces. Women less dependent on men. Isolation among sections broken down while less attractive states lost population at an
alarming rate. Buses made possible consolidation of schools and to some extent churches. Sprawling suburbs spread out even further as America became a nation of commuters. One million Americans had died in car accidents by 1951, more than all killed in all
America’s battles Home life broke down partially; youth became more independent Crime waves of 1920s and 1930s partially facilitated by the automobile.
The Airplane Dec. 17, 1903, Wright Bros. (Orville
and Wilbur) flew a gasoline-powered plane 12 seconds and 120 feet at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
By the 1930s and 1940s, travel by air on regularly scheduled airlines was markedly safer than on many overcrowded highways.
1927, Charles Lindbergh flew the first solo flight across the Atlantic
Impact of the airplane
Radio Guillermo Marconi, an Italian, invented
wireless telegraphy in the 1890s First voice-carrying radio came in Nov.
1920 when KDKA in Pittsburgh carried the news of the Harding landslide
National Broadcasting Co. organized in 1926
Impact of the radio
Movies Emergence of the movie industry
1890s peep-show penny arcades The Great Train Robbery
Nickelodeons D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation Hollywood became the movie capital
of the world Movie Stars The Jazz Singer
1st talkie
Impact of movies Eclipsed all other new forms of amusement. Became new major industry employing about 325,000 people in
1930. Actors and actresses, some with huge salaries, became more
popular than the nation’s political leaders. American culture bound more closely together as movies
became the standard for taste, styles, songs, and morals. Provided education through informative "shorts" such as
newsreels and travelogues. Tabloids and the cheap movie magazine emerged as two by-
products of the movie industry.
Changes in Working Conditions Reduction in Hours Welfare Capitalism
The American Plan of Business One major flaw
Social Life during the “Roaring 20s”
Census of 1920s revealed people are living in urban areas
A sexual revolution Dr. Sigmund Freud The “flaming youth”
of the “Jazz Age”
Cont… Margaret Sanger Sexual revolution brings some emancipation
Flapper One-piece bathing suits Women are smoking and socializing
Women independence and organization ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)
Alice Paul Divorce Laws Women Voters
Rise in Church as a reaction Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson.
"Jazz" The term "Jazz" became popular after WWI Pre-WWI development Late 19th Century
Ragtime
New Orleans Dixieland Jazz
The Harlem Renaissance Harlem
Produced a wealth of African American poetry, literature, art, and music, expressing the pain, sorrow and discrimination AA felt at home.
Langston Hughes and Claude McKay Duke Ellington and the Cotton Club Marcus Garvey
UNIA
The Lost Generation After WWI, a new generation of writers outside of the
dominant Protestant New England burst upon the literary scene
Henry L. Mencken, in his American Mercury magazine F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) Ernest Hemingway (1889-1961) Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) William Faulkner (1897-1962) T.S. Eliot
Architecture Frank Lloyd Wright
Guggenheim Museum