THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TOPOGRAPHICAL MOSAICS OF PROVINCIA

ARABIA AND THE MADABA MOSAIC MAP Jennifer Maria Turner, School of Humanities, Discipline of Classics of the University of Adelaide, submitted for the degree of Master of Arts, May 2010

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APPENDIX 1: ABBREVIATIONS Activity of the Mosaicists: Piccirillo, Michele, ‘The Activity of the Mosaicists of the Diocese of Madaba at the Time of Bishop Sergius in the Second Half of the Sixth Century’, in SHAJ V: Art and Technology Throughout the Ages, ed. by Adnan Hadidi (Amman: Department of Antiquities, 1995), pp.391-398 ADAJ: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan AnTard: Antiquite tardive Architecturales: Duval, Noël, ‘Les Representations Architecturales sur les Mosaiques Chretiennes de Jordanie’, in Les Eglises de Jordanie et leurs Mosaïques: Actes de la journee d’etudes organisee le 22 fevrier 1989 au musee de la Civilisation gallo-romaine de Lyon, ed. by Noël Duval (Beirut: Institut Francais du Proche-Orient, 2003), pp.211-285 Art of Jordan: Piccirillo, Michele, ‘The Mosaics of Jordan’, in The Art of Jordan: Treasures from an Ancient Land, ed. by Piotr Bienkowski, (Stroud, England: Sutton [and] National Museums & Galleries on Merseyside, 1991), pp.109-132 BA: The Biblical Archaeologist

BAR Supplementary Series: British Archaeological Reports: Supplementary Series

BASC I: Shahîd, Irfan, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume I, Part I: Political and Military History, 2 pts, (Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995), I BASC II: Shahîd, Irfan, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume I, Part 2: Ecclesiastical History, 2 pts, (Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995), II Byzantine Palestine: Wilken, Robert L., ‘Byzantine Palestine: A Christian Holy Land’, BA, 51, 4 (1988), 214-217+233-237 CA: Cahiers archeologiques Christ, Christology: Norris, Frederick W., Christ, Christology’, in Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, ed. by Everett Ferguson, 2nd edn, (New York; London: Garland Publishing, 1998), pp.242-251 DACL: Dictionnaire d’archeologie chretienne et de liturgie

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DOP: Dumbarton Oaks Papers Earth and Ocean: Maguire, Henry, Earth and Ocean: The Terrestrial World in Early Byzantine Art, (University Park; London: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1987) Greek and Roman Maps: Dilke, Oswald A.W., Greek and Roman Maps, (London: Thames and Hudson, 1985) Greek and Roman Mosaics: Dunbabin, Katherine M.D., Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World, (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999) Imperial Geography: Albu, Emily, ‘Imperial Geography and the Medieval Peutinger Map’, Imago Mundi 57, 2 (2005), 136-48 Itineraries: Dilke, Oswald A.W., ‘Itineraries and Geographical Maps in the Early and Late Roman Empires’, in The History of Cartography, ed. by John B. Harley and David Woodward, 3 vols, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987-2007), I, (1987), pp.234-257 JRA: Journal of Roman Archaeology LA: Liber annuus Map Revisited: Shahîd, Irfan, ‘The Madaba Mosaic Map Revisited: Some New Observations on its Purpose and Meaning’ in The Madaba Map Centenary 1897-1997: Travelling Through the Byzantine Umayyad Period: Proceedings of the International Conference Held in Amman, 7-9 April 1997, ed. by Michele Piccirillo and Eugenio Alliata, (Jerusalem: Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1999), pp.147-154 MHR: Mediterranean Historical Review Mosaics of Jordan: Piccirillo, Michele, The Mosaics of Jordan, ed. by Patricia M. Bikai and Thomas A. Dailey, (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 1992; repr. 1997) Mosaiques de Jordanie: Balty, Janine, ‘La Place des Mosaiques de Jordanie au sein de la Production Orientale’, in Les Eglises de Jordanie et leurs Mosaïques: Actes de la journee d’etudes organisee le 22 fevrier 1989 au musee de la Civilisation gallo-romaine de Lyon, ed. by Noël Duval, (Beirut: Institut Francais du Proche-Orient, 2003), pp.153-188

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Mosaic Map: Donner, Herbert, The Mosaic Map of Madaba: An Introductory Guide, (Kampen: Kok Pharos Publishing House, 1992) Mosaics of Roman North Africa: Dunbabin, Katherine M.D., The Mosaics of Roman North Africa: Studies in Iconography and Patronage, Oxford monographs on classical archaeology, (Oxford: Clarendon Press; NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1978) Mosaics at Um er-Rasas in Jordan: Piccirillo, Michele, ‘Mosaics at Um er-Rasas in Jordan’, BA, 51, 4 (1988), 208-213+227-231 NEA: Near Eastern Archaeology One Hundred Years: Piccirillo, Michele, ‘Madaba: One Hundred Years From the Discovery’ in The Madaba Map Centenary 1897-1997: Travelling Through the Byzantine Umayyad Period: Proceedings of the International Conference Held in Amman, 7-9 April 1997, ed. by Michele Piccirillo and Eugenio Alliata, (Jerusalem: Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1999), pp.15-24

Patriarcat: Devreesse, Robert, Le Patriarcat d’Antioche: Depuis la Paix de l’Eglise Jusqu’a la Conquête Arabe, (Paris: J. Gabalda, 1945) PEFQS: Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement PEQ: Palestine Exploration Quarterly QDAP: Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine RAr: Revue archeologique RB: Revue biblique

Rivers of Paradise: Maguire, Henry, ‘The Nile and the Rivers of Paradise’ in The Madaba Map Centenary 1897-1997: Travelling Through the Byzantine Umayyad Period: Proceedings of the International Conference Held in Amman, 7-9 April 1997, ed. by Michele Piccirillo and Eugenio Alliata, (Jerusalem: Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, 1999), pp.179-184 RM: Mitteilungen des Deutschen archaeologischen Instituts. Römische Abteilung Sea and River: Salway, Benet, ‘Sea and River Travel in the Roman Itinerary Literature’, in Space in the Roman World: Its Perception and Presentation, ed. by Richard Talbert and Kai Brodersen, Antike Kultur und Geschichte, 5

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(Münster: LIT; Piscataway, NJ: Distributed in North America by Transaction Publishers, 2004), pp.43-96 SHAJ: Studies on the History and Archaeology of Jordan Themes Nilotiques 1992: Balty, Janine, ‘Themes nilotiques dans la mosaïque tardive du Proche-Orient’, in Alessandria e il Mondo Ellenistico-Romano: Studi in Onore di Achille Adriani, a cura di Nicola Bonacasa e Antonino Di Vita, Studi e materiali 4-6, 3 vols, (Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1983-1984; repr. 1992), III, pp.827-834 Themes Nilotiques 1995: Balty, Janine, ‘Themes Nilotiques dans la mosaique tardive du Proche-Orient’, in Mosaiques Antiques du Proche-Orient, Chronologie, Iconographie, Interpretation, (Paris: Annales Litteraires de l’Universite de Besancon, 551; Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1995), pp.245-254 Topographical Maps: Harvey, Paul D.A., The History of Topographical Maps: Symbols, Pictures and Surveys, (London: Thames and Hudson, 1980) Travel, Itineraria and Tabellaria: Salway, Benet, ‘Travel, itineraria and tabellaria’, in Travel and Geography in the Roman Empire, ed. by Colin Adams and Ray Laurence (London; New York: Routledge, 2001), pp.22-66 Umayyad Churches: Piccirillo, Michele, ‘The Umayyad Churches of Jordan’, ADAJ, 28 (1984), 333-342

ZDPV: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins

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APPENDIX 2: LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter One:

1.1: Mosaic in the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Gerasa

1.2: Mosaic in the Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Gerasa

1.3: Topographical panel in the Church of Saints Lot and Procopius, Khirbat al-

Mukhayyat

1.4: Larger cities in the Madaba Map, i.e. Jerusalem

1.5: Moderate-sized cities in the Madaba Map

1.6: Most basic topographical depictions of cities in the Madaba Map

1.7: Mosaic in the villa of dominus Julius, Carthage

1.8: Wall mosaic in San Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna

1.9: Town ‘plans’ of Kastron Mefaa in the Church of the Lions and the Church of

Saint Stephen, Umm al-Rasas

1.10: Mosaic in the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Khirbat al-Samra

1.11: Frieze of heroön, Gjölbashi-Trysa; Nereid monument, Xanthos; cup from

Tanagra

1.12: ‘Fall of Icarus’ fresco, Pompeii; Tabulae Iliacae; Trajan’s column; Vatican

Vergil

1.13: Walled-city motifs in the Notitia Dignitatum

1.14: Peutinger Table

1.15: Walled-city motifs in the Peutinger Table

1.16: Vienna Genesis

1.17: Walled-city motifs in the mosaic in the Church of Saint Stephen, Umm al-

Rasas

1.18: Depictions of Damascus and Jerusalem in Cosmas Indicopleustes’

Christian Topography

1.19: Nile Festival mosaic, Sepphoris

1.20: Mosaic in the Church of the Holy Martyrs, Tayyibat al-Imam

1.21: Depiction of Jerusalem in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome

1.22: Nilotic mosaic, Praeneste

1.23: Mosaic in the Maison d’Isguntus, Hippo Regius

1.24: Mosaic from Ammadea-Ammaedara (Haïdra)

1.25: Mosaic in the Church of the Priest Wa’il, Umm al-Rasas

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1.26: Nave mosaic in the Church of Saint Stephen

1.27: Mosaic in the Church on the Acropolis, Ma’in

1.28: The Madaba Mosaic Map

1.29: The Dura Europos shield

Chapter Two:

2.1: Nilotic mosaic, El-Alia

2.2: Ecclesia Mater/Valentia in Pacae mosaic, Tabarka

2.3: Mosaic of Megalopsychia, Yakto, Syria

2.4: Mosaic with architectonic depiction of Alexandria, Antioch

2.5: Mosaic in the Church of the Multiplication, Tabgha, Galilee

2.6: Walled-city motif in mosaic pavement, Haditha

2.7: Mosaic in the Benaki Museum, Athens

2.8: Mosaic in the Peristyle of the Great Palace, Constantinople

Chapter Three:

3.1: Architectural plan of the Church of Saint Stephen

3.2: Plan of the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Gerasa

3.3: Plan of the Church of Saints Lot and Procopius

3.4: Plans of the Church of the Priest Wa’il and the Church of the Lions, Umm al-

Rasas

3.5: Plan of the Church of the Map, Madaba

Maps:

1: Provincia Arabia

2: Map of the eastern provinces including Provincia Arabia, Palestine, Syria, and

Egypt

APPENDIX 3: FIGURES

NOTE

Only author’s personal photos and selected figures not infringing copyright,remain in appendix 3. The complete appendix is available in the print copy of the thesis held in the University of Adelaide Library.

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(1.1) Mosaic in the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Gerasa Noël Duval, ‘Les Representations Architecturales sur les Mosaiques Chretiennes de Jordanie’, in Les Eglises de Jordanie et leurs Mosaïques: Actes de la journee d’etudes organisee le 22 fevrier 1989 au musee de la Civilisation gallo-romaine de Lyon, ed. by Noël Duval (Beirut: Institut Francais du Proche-Orient, 2003), pp.211-285, p.239.

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(1.2) Mosaic in the Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Gerasa Duval, Architecturales, p.240.

(1.3) Topographical panel in the Church of Saints Lot and Procopius, Khirbat al-Mukhayyat Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

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(1.4) Larger cities in the Madaba Map, i.e. Jerusalem Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

(1.5) Moderate-sized cities in the Madaba Map Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

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(1.5) Moderate-sized cities in the Madaba Map Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

(1.5) Moderate-sized cities in the Madaba Map Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

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(1.6) Most basic topographical depictions of cities in the Madaba Map (with large city motif on the left) Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

(1.6) Most basic topographical depictions of cities in the Madaba Map Michele Piccirillo, The Mosaics of Jordan, ed. by Patricia M. Bikai and Thomas A. Dailey, (Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 1992; repr. 1997), p.90.

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(1.6) Most basic topographical depictions of cities in the Madaba Map Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

(1.6) Most basic topographical depictions of cities in the Madaba Map Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.89.

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(1.7) Mosaic in the villa of dominus Julius, Carthage David J. Smith, ‘Mosaics’ in A Handbook of Roman Art: A Survey of the Visual Arts of the Roman World, ed. by Martin Henig (London: Phaidon, 1983), pp.116-138, p.127.

(1.8) Wall mosaic in San Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, depicting the Palatium of Ravenna Duval, Architecturales, p.215.

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(1.9) Town ‘plan’ of Kastron Mefaa in the Church of the Lions, Umm al-Rasas Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.210.

(1.9) ‘Plan’ of Kastron Mefaa in the Church of Saint Stephen, Umm al-Rasas Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.221.

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(1.10) Mosaic in the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Khirbat al-Samra Duval, Architecturales, p.242.

(1.10) Mosaic in the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Khirbat al-Samra Duval, Architecturales, p.242.

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(1.11) Heroön of Gjölbashi-Trysa Franklin M. Biebel, ‘The Walled Cities of the Gerasa Mosaics’, in Gerasa: City of the Decapolis, ed. by Carl H. Kraeling, (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1938), pp.341-351, Plate LXXXVII a).

(1.11) Nereid monument from Xanthos Biebel, Plate LXXXVII b).

(1.11) Homeric cup from Tanagra Biebel, Plate LXXXVII c).

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(1.12) Pompeiian fresco depicting the ‘Fall of Icarus’ Biebel, Plate LXXXVIII a).

(1.12) Tabulae Iliacae Biebel, Plate LXXXIX, a).

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(1.12) Trajan’s Column Biebel, Plate LXXXVIII, c).

(1.12) Vatican Vergil (Bibl. Nat. cod. lat. 3225) Biebel, Plate LXXXIX b).

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(1.13) Walled-city motifs in the Notitia Dignitatum Duval, Architecturales, p.222.

(1.14) Peutinger Table Kai Brodersen, The presentation of geographical knowledge for travel and transport in the Roman world: itineraria non tantum adnotata sed etiam picta’, in Travel and Geography in the Roman Empire, ed. by Colin Adams and Ray Laurence, (London; New York: Routledge, 2001), pp.7-21, p.17.

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(1.15) Walled-city motifs in the Peutinger Table: Ravenna, Aquileia, Thessalonica, Nicomedia, Nicaea, and Ancyra Benet Salway, ‘Travel, itineraria and tabellaria’, in Travel and Geography, ed. by Adams and Laurence, pp.22-66, p.46.

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(1.16) Vienna Genesis Kurt Weitzmann, Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination, (New York: George Braziller, 1977), p.79.

(1.17) Walled-city motifs in the mosaic in the Church of Saint Stephen, Umm al-Rasas Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.227.

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(1.17) Walled-city motifs in the mosaic in the Church of Saint Stephen, Umm al-Rasas Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.226.

(1.17) Walled-city motifs in the mosaic in the Church of Saint Stephen, Umm al-Rasas Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.223.

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(1.17) Walled-city motifs in the mosaic in the Church of Saint Stephen, Umm al-Rasas Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.223.

(1.18) Depictions of Damascus and Jerusalem in Cosmas Indicopleustes’ Christian Topography (Bibl. Vat. cod. gr. 699, fol. 83 v) Dmitrii V. Ainalov, The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Art, ed. by Cyril Mango and trans. by Elizabeth and Serge Sobolevitch, (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1961), Fig. 25, p.50.

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(1.19) Nile Festival mosaic, Sepphoris Zeev Weiss and Rina Talgam, ‘The Nile Building and its Mosaics: mythological representations in early Byzantine Sepphoris’, in JRA: Supplementary Series Number 49, The Roman and Byzantine Near East, Volume 3, ed. by J.H Humphrey, (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2002), pp.55-90, p.62.

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(1.20) Mosaic in the Church of the Holy Martyrs, Tayyibat al-Imam Duval, Architecturales, p.244.

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(1.21) Topographical depiction of Jerusalem in the mosaic of the triumphal arch in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome Duval, Architecturales, p.226.

(1.22) The nilotic mosaic, Praeneste Paul G. P. Meyboom, The Nile mosaic of Palestrina: early evidence of Egyptian religion in Italy, Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, 121 (Leiden: Brill, 1995), Illustrations section, No. 8.

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(1.23) Mosaic in the Maison d’Isguntus, Hippo Regius Katherine M.D Dunbabin, The Mosaics of Roman North Africa: Studies in Iconography and Patronage, Oxford monographs on classical archaeology, (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), Plate 123.

(1.24) Mosaic from Ammadea-Ammaedara (Haïdra) Fathi Bejaoui, ‘Decouverte dans l’antique Haidra. La Mediterranee sur une mosaique’, Archeologia, 357 (1999), 16-23, p.16.

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(1.25) Mosaic in the Church of the Priest Wa’il, Umm al-Rasas Duval, Architecturales, p.267.

(1.26) Nave mosaic in the Church of Saint Stephen, Umm al-Rasas Duval, Architecturales, p.246.

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(1.27) Fragment of the mosaic in the Church on the Acropolis, Ma‘in Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

(1.27) Fragment of the mosaic in the Church on the Acropolis, Ma‘in Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

(1.27) Fragment of the mosaic in the Church on the Acropolis, Ma‘in Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

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(1.27) Fragment of the mosaic in the Church on the Acropolis, Ma‘in Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

(1.27) Fragment of the mosaic in the Church on the Acropolis, Ma‘in Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

(1.27) Fragment of the mosaic in the Church on the Acropolis, Ma‘in Photograph by Jennifer Turner.

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(1.28) Madaba Mosaic Map Biebel, Plate LXXXVI, a).

(1.28) Madaba Mosaic Map Katherine M.D Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World, (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.202.

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(1.29) The Dura Europos shield Brodersen, p.15.

(2.1) Nilotic mosaic, El-Alia Aïcha Ben Abed, Tunisian Mosaics: Treasures from Roman Africa, trans. by Sharon Grevet, (Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, Getty Publications, 2006), p.36.

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(2.2) Ecclesia Mater/Valentia in Pacae mosaic, Tabarka Duval, Architecturales, p.214.

(2.3) Mosaic of Megalopsychia, Yakto, Syria Jean Lassus, ‘La Mosaïque de Yakto’ in Antioch on the Orontes 1: The Excavations of 1932, ed. by George W. Elderkin, 3 vols, (Princeton: Pub. for the Committee by the Department of Art and Archeology; [etc., etc.], 1934), I, 114-156, p.118.

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(2.4) Mosaic with architectonic depiction of Alexandria, Antioch Sheila Campbell, The Mosaics of Antioch, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1988), Pl. 118.

(2.5) Mosaic in the Church of the Multiplication, Tabgha, Galilee Katherine M.D Dunbabin, Greek and Roman Mosaics, p.195.

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(2.6) Walled-city motif in mosaic pavement, Haditha Duval, Architecturales, p.223.

(2.7) Mosaic in the Benaki Museum, Athens (on the left; Church of Saints Lot and Procopius mosaic is on the right) Panayiota Assimakopoulou-Atzaka, ‘Fragment of a mosaic with an architectural representation at the Benaki Museum’, trans. by Maria Ioannou, Benaki Museum, 6 (2006), 61-75, (trans. pp.1-12), p.71.

(2.8) Mosaic in the Peristyle of the Great Palace, Constantinople James Trilling, ‘The Soul of the Empire: Style and Meaning in the Mosaic Pavement of the Byzantine Imperial Palace in Constantinople’, DOP, 43 (1989), 27-72, (1).

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(3.1) Architectural plan of the Church of Saint Stephen Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.239.

(3.2) Plan of the complex of the Churches of Saint John the Baptist, Saint George, and Saints Cosmas and Damianus, Gerasa. The Church of Saint John the Baptist is in the centre. Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.288.

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(3.3) Plan of the Church of Saints Lot and Procopius, Khirbat al-Mukhayyat Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.165.

(3.4) Plan of the Church of the Priest Wa’il, Umm al-Rasas

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Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.242.

(3.4) Plan of the Church of the Lions, Umm al-Rasas Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.237.

(3.5) Plan of the Church of the Map, Madaba Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.94.

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APPENDIX 4: MAPS

(1) Map of Provincia Arabia Noël Duval, ‘Architecture et Liturgie dans la Jordanie Byzantine’ in Les Eglises de Jordanie et leurs Mosaïques, ed. by Duval, pp.35-114, p.37.

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(1) Map of Provincia Arabia and the three Palaestinae Piccirillo, Mosaics of Jordan, p.14.

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2) Map of the eastern provinces including Provincia Arabia, Palestine, Syria, and Egypt A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire 284-602: A social, economic and administrative survey, 4 vols, (Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1964; reprinted in 2 volumes 1973), II, ‘Dioceses and Provinces According to the Notitia Dignitatum’, Map II.