the relationship between visual and auditory inspection time in primary school children. ian t....
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The Relationship Between The Relationship Between Visual and Auditory Inspection Visual and Auditory Inspection
Time Time in Primary School Children. in Primary School Children.
Ian T. Zajac*Ian T. Zajac* Dr. Nicholas Dr. Nicholas BurnsBurns
The University of Adelaide, South Australia
*Email: [email protected]
Visual IT ProcedureVisual IT Procedure
Right-Trial Target Figure
Left-Trial Target Figure
Flash Mask
Visual IT ProcedureVisual IT Procedure
Visual IT ProcedureVisual IT Procedure
Visual IT FindingsVisual IT Findings
VIT is a reliable test of individual VIT is a reliable test of individual differences differences
Visual IT FindingsVisual IT Findings
VIT is a reliable test of individual VIT is a reliable test of individual differences differences
These individual differences relate to These individual differences relate to psychometric measures of psychometric measures of intelligenceintelligence
VIT is an index of general speediness VIT is an index of general speediness (G(Gss))
Visual IT FindingsVisual IT Findings
VIT is an index of general speediness VIT is an index of general speediness (G(Gss))
VIT does not exhibit sex differences VIT does not exhibit sex differences in performancein performance
Visual IT FindingsVisual IT Findings
VIT is an index of general speediness VIT is an index of general speediness (G(Gss))
VIT does not exhibit sex differences VIT does not exhibit sex differences in performancein performance
VIT is simple to completeVIT is simple to complete
Visual IT FindingsVisual IT Findings
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
Brand and Deary (1982) devised the Brand and Deary (1982) devised the first AIT taskfirst AIT task
Participants required to judge the Participants required to judge the temporal order of two tones differing temporal order of two tones differing in pitch (AIT-P)in pitch (AIT-P)
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
AIT-P does not index speed of processing AIT-P does not index speed of processing (G(Gss))
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
AIT-P does not index speed of processing AIT-P does not index speed of processing (G(Gss))
AIT-P – VIT correlations are inconsistent AIT-P – VIT correlations are inconsistent ((MMrr=0.21; or 4% shared variance)=0.21; or 4% shared variance)
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
AIT-P does not index speed of processing AIT-P does not index speed of processing (G(Gss))
AIT-P – VIT correlations are inconsistent AIT-P – VIT correlations are inconsistent ((MMrr=0.21; or 4% shared variance)=0.21; or 4% shared variance)
AIT-P performance is likely to show sex AIT-P performance is likely to show sex differencesdifferences
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
AIT-P does not index speed of processing AIT-P does not index speed of processing (G(Gss))
AIT-P – VIT correlations are inconsistent AIT-P – VIT correlations are inconsistent ((MMrr=0.21; or 4% shared variance)=0.21; or 4% shared variance)
AIT-P performance is likely to show sex AIT-P performance is likely to show sex differencesdifferences
AIT-P is particularly difficult to completeAIT-P is particularly difficult to complete
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
Auditory Inspection Time – Loudness Auditory Inspection Time – Loudness (AIT-L) is formally equivalent to AIT-(AIT-L) is formally equivalent to AIT-P P
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
Auditory Inspection Time – Loudness Auditory Inspection Time – Loudness (AIT-L) is formally equivalent to AIT-P (AIT-L) is formally equivalent to AIT-P
AIT-L correlates with AIT-P and Pitch AIT-L correlates with AIT-P and Pitch Discrimination abilityDiscrimination ability
It does not share variance with It does not share variance with speeded processing (Gspeeded processing (Gss))
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
Auditory Inspection Time – Spatial Auditory Inspection Time – Spatial (AIT-S) bears no formal similarity to (AIT-S) bears no formal similarity to AIT-P or AIT-LAIT-P or AIT-L
The discrimination required is one of The discrimination required is one of spatial localisation; it is highly spatial localisation; it is highly similar to VIT in this regardsimilar to VIT in this regard
Auditory Inspection TimeAuditory Inspection Time
AIT-S correlates with measures of AIT-S correlates with measures of intelligenceintelligence
AIT-S correlates with VITAIT-S correlates with VIT
AIT-S correlates with general AIT-S correlates with general speediness (Gspeediness (Gss))
The Present StudyThe Present Study
AIT-S should be measurable in AIT-S should be measurable in populations other than undergraduatespopulations other than undergraduates
AIT-S performance should be free from AIT-S performance should be free from sex differencessex differences
AIT-S and VIT should correlate with AIT-S and VIT should correlate with markers of cognitive ability in a markers of cognitive ability in a comparable fashioncomparable fashion
The Present StudyThe Present Study Primary School Children (Primary School Children (NN=80), aged =80), aged
10 through 12 (10 through 12 (MM=11.06, =11.06, SDSD=.81 years)=.81 years)
38 males (38 males (MM=11.05, =11.05, SDSD=.76 yrs); 42 =.76 yrs); 42 females (females (MM=11.07, =11.07, SDSD=.86 yrs)=.86 yrs)
Participants completed AIT-S; VIT; Digit Participants completed AIT-S; VIT; Digit Symbol (GSymbol (Gss); Raven’s Progressive ); Raven’s Progressive Matrices (GMatrices (Gff); and Information Scales ); and Information Scales (G(Gcc))
ResultsResults
All of the children successfully All of the children successfully completed AIT-Scompleted AIT-S
No effect of sex on VIT thresholds No effect of sex on VIT thresholds
[[tt(77) = 0.10, (77) = 0.10, ns.ns.]]
No effect of sex on AIT-S thresholds No effect of sex on AIT-S thresholds
[[tt(78) = 0.13, (78) = 0.13, ns.ns.]]
ResultsResults
VITVIT AIT-SAIT-S
GGc c -.09-.09 -.06-.06
GGff -.11-.11 -.33**-.33**
GGss -.26*-.26* -.36**-.36**
VITVIT -- .30**.30****p<.01**p<.01
*p<.05*p<.05
ResultsResults
r = .30
ResultsResults
r = 0.15
r = 0.54
ResultsResults
r=-.42
r=.07
r=-.47
r=.01
ResultsResults
First Un-First Un-
rotated rotated
FactorFactor
Factor 1Factor 1
(30%)(30%)
Factor 2Factor 2
(11%)(11%)
AIT-SAIT-S -.52-.52 .05.05 .71.71
VITVIT -.33-.33 .02.02 .44.44
GGss .62.62 .36.36 -.36-.36
GGff .58.58 .48.48 -.18-.18
GGcc .63.63 .85.85 .16.16
ResultsResults
First Un-First Un-
rotated rotated
FactorFactor
Factor 1Factor 1
(39%)(39%)
Factor 2Factor 2
(11%)(11%)
AIT-SAIT-S -.68-.68 .71.71 -.04-.04
VITVIT -.64-.64 .82.82 .13.13
GGss .69.69 -.44-.44 .34.34
GGff .57.57 -.09-.09 .59.59
GGcc .50.50 .13.13 .76.76
ConclusionsConclusions
AIT-S is a successful measure of ITAIT-S is a successful measure of IT
ConclusionsConclusions
AIT-S is a successful measure of ITAIT-S is a successful measure of IT
IT measures are psychologically IT measures are psychologically complexcomplex
Performance may be affected byPerformance may be affected byAttentional capacitiesAttentional capacities
MotivationMotivation
FatigueFatigue
Strategy useStrategy use
Questions?Questions?