The RenaissanceThe Renaissance1300-16001300-1600

ItalyItaly HumanismHumanism

– Secular themesSecular themes Change from medievalChange from medieval

– Classical beliefsClassical beliefs IndividualismIndividualism

– TalentsTalents– EducationEducation

HumanitiesHumanities– LiteratureLiterature

SonnetsSonnets MachiavelliMachiavelli

– The princeThe prince– Revolutionary thoughtRevolutionary thought– Moral compromiseMoral compromise

– ScholarsScholars Question/Challenge everythingQuestion/Challenge everything

– Church?Church?

Italy, cont’d.Italy, cont’d.

SocietySociety– Wealth and abilityWealth and ability

Bankers become most powerfulBankers become most powerful Upper classUpper class Hierarchy:Hierarchy:

– BankersBankers– MerchantsMerchants– Artisans & ShopkeepersArtisans & Shopkeepers– Working PoorWorking Poor– PeasantsPeasants

Italy, cont’d.Italy, cont’d.

GovernmentGovernment– City-statesCity-states

Loose confederationLoose confederation

– SignoriSignori Authoritarian styleAuthoritarian style

– Military Military CondottieriCondottieri Result?Result?

– DiplomacyDiplomacy AmbassadorsAmbassadors Balance of PowerBalance of Power

Italy, cont’dItaly, cont’d

FlorenceFlorence– Medici family– Pro-humanistPro-humanist– SavonarolaSavonarola

Rejection of “worldly”Rejection of “worldly” Not so happy endingNot so happy ending

RomeRome– Rebuilt by PopesRebuilt by Popes– ScholarsScholars– St. Peter’s BasilicaSt. Peter’s Basilica

Italy, cont’d.Italy, cont’d.

VeniceVenice– Major trading Major trading

portport– International International

link for Italylink for Italy– Political stabilityPolitical stability

DogeDoge Republican style Republican style

government government

Yes, more Italy…(Yawn)Yes, more Italy…(Yawn) The ArtsThe Arts

– ArchitectureArchitecture Classical styleClassical style ““Comfort and Beauty”Comfort and Beauty” CreditCredit

– SculptureSculpture Focus on lively activitiesFocus on lively activities

– PaintingPainting Human emotionHuman emotion LightingLighting PerspectivePerspective Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

– Mona Lisa Mona Lisa – Last SupperLast Supper

WomenWomen– Access?Access?

ValuesValues

HumanismHumanism– Potential and Potential and

achievementsachievements– Based on Greek Based on Greek

ValuesValues– Importance of the Importance of the

humanitieshumanities HistoryHistory PhilosophyPhilosophy LiteratureLiterature

Worldly PleasuresWorldly Pleasures– End of modesty to End of modesty to

show faithshow faith– Wealthy enjoy Wealthy enjoy

luxuriesluxuries– Secular societySecular society

People concerned People concerned with “here and now”with “here and now”

Affects all of societyAffects all of society

Supporting the ArtsSupporting the Arts

Church leaders Church leaders spend large spend large amounts of money amounts of money on artson arts– Beautify citiesBeautify cities

PatronsPatrons– Financially support Financially support

artistsartists– Merchants and Merchants and

Wealthy familiesWealthy families

Gender RolesGender Roles

Renaissance ManRenaissance Man– ““Universal Man”Universal Man”

Excel in all areasExcel in all areas

– Baldassare Baldassare CastiglioneCastiglione The CourtierThe Courtier

– Explains all the Explains all the qualities that a qualities that a Renaissance man Renaissance man should haveshould have

Renaissance Renaissance WomanWoman– Well educatedWell educated– Inspiration of art… Inspiration of art…

not creators of artnot creators of art

The Great FourThe Great Four

LeonardoLeonardo– True Renaissance True Renaissance

ManMan Inventor, painter, Inventor, painter,

sculptor, scientistsculptor, scientist Mona Lisa, Last Mona Lisa, Last

SupperSupper

MichelangeloMichelangelo– Painter, sculptorPainter, sculptor– David, Sistine David, Sistine

ChapelChapel

The Great Four, cont’d.The Great Four, cont’d.

RaphaelRaphael– Focuses on realismFocuses on realism

Uses facial Uses facial expressions in expressions in paintingspaintings

– School of AthensSchool of Athens DonatelloDonatello

– SculptorSculptor Human and Human and

Equestrian worksEquestrian works

WritingWriting

VernacularVernacular– Use of native Use of native

language instead of language instead of LatinLatin

– Purpose?Purpose? Self-expressionSelf-expression Portray individualityPortray individuality

Spreading the “Word”Spreading the “Word” IdeasIdeas

GutenbergGutenberg– Moveable type printing pressMoveable type printing press– Bible (1454)Bible (1454)– Literacy rates increaseLiteracy rates increase– Prevent errorsPrevent errors

The Renaissance Spreads…The Renaissance Spreads… FranceFrance

– ChateauxChateaux Mix of stylesMix of styles

Northern EuropeNorthern Europe– Christian HumanismChristian Humanism

Religious toneReligious tone Seek reformSeek reform

– ErasmusErasmus Critical viewsCritical views

– The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly– Makes fun of higher societyMakes fun of higher society

Believed people should study the BibleBelieved people should study the Bible

– PaintingPainting Medieval styleMedieval style

Renaissance Abroad…Renaissance Abroad…

EnglandEngland– Starts much laterStarts much later

Henry VII invites scholarsHenry VII invites scholars Social issuesSocial issues Thomas MoreThomas More

– Utopia Utopia (Christian Humanism)(Christian Humanism)

ShakespeareShakespeare– Legends, mythology, historyLegends, mythology, history– Universal human qualitiesUniversal human qualities– Relevance…Relevance…

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Criticisms of the Catholic ChurchCriticisms of the Catholic Church– Leaders were corruptLeaders were corrupt

Extravagant spendingExtravagant spending Pursuing worldly affairsPursuing worldly affairs Having illegitimate childrenHaving illegitimate children

– People call for reformsPeople call for reforms

Protestant Reformation, Protestant Reformation, cont’d.cont’d.

Martin Luther Challenges the ChurchMartin Luther Challenges the Church– Catholic Monk and teacher (University of Catholic Monk and teacher (University of

Wittenburg)Wittenburg)– Criticizes Church OfficialsCriticizes Church Officials

Selling of indulgencesSelling of indulgences– Buying way into HeavenBuying way into Heaven

95 theses95 theses– List of criticismsList of criticisms

Copied and spread through EuropeCopied and spread through Europe Begins Reformation movementBegins Reformation movement

Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings

Salvation by faith in God’s Salvation by faith in God’s forgivenessforgiveness

Church Teachings should be based Church Teachings should be based on the words of the bibleon the words of the bible

All people of Faith are equalAll people of Faith are equal– People do not need priests to interpret People do not need priests to interpret

the bible for themthe bible for them

ResponseResponse Pope Leo X Pope Leo X

– excommunicates Luther (1520)excommunicates Luther (1520)

Holy Roman Emperor Charles VHoly Roman Emperor Charles V– Wants Luther tried as a hereticWants Luther tried as a heretic

Luther and followers separate from Catholic Luther and followers separate from Catholic ChurchChurch

– Creates LutheranismCreates Lutheranism

Peasant Revolt (Germany)Peasant Revolt (Germany)– Raid Monasteries through countrysideRaid Monasteries through countryside

German PrincesGerman Princes– Protest Catholic ChurchProtest Catholic Church– Creation of ProtestantismCreation of Protestantism

Christians who are non-CatholicChristians who are non-Catholic

Protestantism in EnglandProtestantism in England

Henry VIII (King of Henry VIII (King of England)England)– Devout CatholicDevout Catholic– Political problemPolitical problem

Needs Male Heir Needs Male Heir – Has one daughter Has one daughter

with wifewith wife

– Wants to divorce Wants to divorce and remarry to and remarry to have sonhave son Church does not Church does not

allow for divorceallow for divorce

Solution?Solution?

Henry VIII makes Henry VIII makes himself head of himself head of England’s ChurchEngland’s Church– ““Act of Supremacy”Act of Supremacy”– Death for TreasonDeath for Treason

WivesWives– #2 Anne Bolyn#2 Anne Bolyn

Daughter, ElizabethDaughter, Elizabeth

– #3 Jane Seymour#3 Jane Seymour Son, EdwardSon, Edward

– Marries three more Marries three more times…times…

Heirs to the ThroneHeirs to the Throne

Henry’s LegacyHenry’s Legacy– Edward VI becomes Edward VI becomes

king at 9 y/oking at 9 y/o England stays ProtestantEngland stays Protestant Dies after six year ruleDies after six year rule

– ““Bloody” MaryBloody” Mary Returns England to Returns England to

Catholic RuleCatholic Rule Executes ProtestantsExecutes Protestants

– ElizabethElizabeth Executes MaryExecutes Mary Returns Kingdom to Returns Kingdom to

Church of EnglandChurch of England