the renaissance began to decline after queen elizabeth’s death. although james i sponsored a new...
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The Renaissance began to decline after Queen Elizabeth’s death. Although James I sponsored a new translation of the bible, patronized Shakespeare and was a benevolent and peaceful ruler, he was also a spendthrift and a foreigner, and his relationship with his subjects went from bad to worse.
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• Charles I
James’ son Charles I was remote, autocratic and self-destructive. He was beheaded in 1649 by the English people.
• Oliver Cromwell
For the next eleven years, England was led by Parliament and the Puritan dictator Oliver Cromwell.
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• Tired of war and revolutionaries, after the death of Cromwell, the English people brought back the son of Charles I from exile in France and crowned him king.
• They then dug up the corpse of Oliver Cromwell who ruled England between Charles I and Charles II and cut off his head.
King Charles II
by Nicholas Dixon Vellum
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• 1660-1670 saw England exhausted by civil war, fire and disease.
• Similarities between England and Rome-Octavian restoring peace and order -Stuart monarchs restored peace and order after civil wars and execution of King Charles I in 1649.
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• This renewed prosperity, brought about by the restoration of King Charles II, caused a new age to begin.
• Scientists began asking “How” instead of “Why.”
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• Also, disasters were no longer considered punishment or warnings from God.
• Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor of England, endorsed looking at natural world through physical evidence, experiments, and hypotheses.
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• This new science influenced religion.
• This movement was called Deism which viewed the universe as a perfect mechanism which God had built and left to run on its own.
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• Charles II reestablished Anglican church as official church.
• He outlawed all Puritan and Independent sects.
• This persecution lasted through the 18th century.
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• King Charles II also organized a new group of philosophers and writers.
• Writing became precise, exact, and not decorated with elaborate metaphors or odd allusions.
John Dryden
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English writers
modeled works on
old Latin classics,
which they had
studied in school
and university.
These writings that
imitate Latin works
were called
Neoclassical —
”new classical.”
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• Because of his influence, the era in which Dryden lived is referred to as the “Age of Dryden.”
• Achievements in poetry include regulating meter and making diction precise. He is a master of explaining ideas.
• This set the standard for next century.
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• In 1642 plays were banned and closed for 29 years by Puritans.
• Charles II loved plays and reopened them in London.
• Female actors were allowed along with males.
• New plays showed relationships in unsentimental, unromantic ways & life of rich and leisured class.
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• According to the law, all men were equal. However, some were more equal than others. The Restoration is marked by excess of the wealthy.
• The poor during the Restoration lived in extreme poverty.
• The separation of classes led to the satirical writing style of Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope.
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Night by William Hogarth • Satirical writing emerged with Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift.
• Pope addressed the leisured and rich for immorality and bad taste.
• Swift exposed mean and sordid human behavior.
• Both writers hated corrupt politics and materialism.
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• As the middle class grew, journalists and the reforms they advocated become important.
• Daniel Defoe stood for thrift, prudence, industry, and respectability.
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• Artificial and crafted for public
• Author knows purpose and kind
• Careful meter and rhyme• Elegies: celebrates best
in people• Satire: portrays the
worst in people• Ode: ambitious,
pompous expressing a public emotion
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• People began writing long fictional narratives which came to be known as “novels” or something new.
• They became popular because of a growing middle class.
• They were often broad and comical adventure stories.
• Henry Fielding: Tom Jones• Daniel Defoe: Robinson
Crusoe
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• The commanding literary figure at the end of the 18th century was Dr. Samuel Johnson.
• He was conservative and traditional.
• He questioned whether the future would better than the past.
Samuel Johnson- “Age of Johnson”
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• By 1784 there was now a search for a simpler life.
• The Industrial Revolution changed cities into filthy slums.
• This age of elegance, taste, philosophy, and reason was over.
• As industry grew, writers returned to nature and folk themes for inspiration.