The Renaissance, Reformation & Scientific

Revolution1350-1700

I. The Italian RenaissanceA. Characteristics:

1. Humanism:

a. Emphasize secular rather than religious. b. Emphasis on individuals & human

achievement2. Period of stability & creativity

3. Increased study of Greek & Roman Culture

B. Economic Foundations

1. Increased Trade

a. B/c of the Crusades, Europe became familiar with & wanted goods from Muslim lands

2. Bankinga. Increased trade = need for banks =

banking system grow (Medici family)

b. Medici, wealthy banking family that funded

great artists. Lorenzo di Medici – Il Magnifico

c. Letters of credit (loans) expand the $ supply and increase trade

d. Rise of capitalism = need laborers = serfs leave the feudal system & it eventually disappears.

C. Italian Renaissance (began there) Florence, Venice & Genoa:

1. LOCATION: Had access to seas connecting Europe & Middle East = flourishing trade

a. Became trading centers for northern Europe

b. Were initially independent city-states governed as republics.

D. Literature & the Arts 1. Machiavelli’s The Prince

a. Main Ideas:i. Treatise about gov’t which advocated

absolute power of the ruler.ii. Idea that the end justifies the meansiii. One should do good if possible, but do evil

when necessary 2. Michelangelo: Sculptor, Engineer,

Painter, Architect & Poeta. Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel ceilingb. The Statue of David: Statue recalls the harmony & grace of Ancient Greek tradition

The Last Supper

Statue of David

3. Leonardo DaVinci a. Dissected bodies to see how bones & muscles workb. Sketched planes & boats before they were inventedc. Famous artwork:

i. Mona Lisa: woman with a mysterious smile

ii. The Last Supper 4. d. new art form: perspective, like 3-

D.

Vitruvian Man

COMPARE: CONTINUTIY & CHANGE• Medieval art & literate focused on

the Church & Salvation; Renaissance art & literature focused on individuals & worldly matters, along with Christianity

II. The Northern Renaissance v. Italian RenaissanceA. Northern Renaissance Characteristics

1. There was more wealth in the north to support the Renaissance ideas $$$$

2. Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity

3. The movable printing press made by Johann Gutenberg & the production of books helped spread ideas

• EXAMPLE: The Gutenberg Bible

B. Writers

1.Petrarch: wrote sonnets; was a leading humanist2. William Shakespeare: Wrote Romeo & Juliet and Hamlet

3. Erasmus wrote The Praise of Folly (1511)

4. Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia (1516)

C. Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious & secular objects.

1. Albrecht Durer: The “German Leonardo”

a. Studied the techniques of Italian master

b. Painted, engraved, printed, and wrote essays

2. Pieter Brueghela. Used vibrant colors to

portray peasant lifeb. Influenced other artists to

paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes.

..\..\..\..\..\Brueghel\Breugel2.ppt

• The changes in art during the Renaissance correlate closely with the changes in ideas about life. People became curious about science & mathematics after centuries of blindly accepting the views of the Church. People began to focus more on life on earth rather than the afterlife. The Renaissance was one of the few eras in history that was named by the people who were alive during the time. People called it The Renaissance even while it was happening! Art played a big part of this rebirth of classical times.

III. The Reformation (early 1500s)• For centuries, the Roman Catholic For centuries, the Roman Catholic

Church had little competition in Church had little competition in religious thought & action. The religious thought & action. The resistance of the church to change resistance of the church to change led to the Protestant Reformation, led to the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the birth of which resulted in the birth of new new political & economic institutionspolitical & economic institutions..

A. Protestant Beginnings: Lutherans & Calvinists

1. Reasons:1. Reasons:

a. Church wealth & corruptiona. Church wealth & corruption

i. selling i. selling indulgencesindulgences

ii. wealthy lifestyle of the clergyii. wealthy lifestyle of the clergy

b. Desire for princes (especially b. Desire for princes (especially German) to increase power by German) to increase power by breaking with Romebreaking with Rome

2. People2. People

a. Martin Luther:a. Martin Luther:

i. German monk who wrote i. German monk who wrote 95 theses95 theses in which he identified church problems in which he identified church problems & solutions = birth of Protestant & solutions = birth of Protestant ChurchChurch

ii. views:ii. views:

- “faith alone” saves- “faith alone” saves

- Bible is the ONLY source of - Bible is the ONLY source of authority, not Popeauthority, not Pope

- All humans are = before god.- All humans are = before god.

b. John Calvinb. John Calvin

i. i. predestinationpredestination

ii. model community of discipline & ii. model community of discipline & hard work in Geneva, Switzerland hard work in Geneva, Switzerland (theocracy)(theocracy)

The Reformation had its roots in The Reformation had its roots in theology, but it led to important theology, but it led to important economic & political changes. economic & political changes. Religious differences & hatreds Religious differences & hatreds caused wars & destruction.caused wars & destruction.

3. Support for Reformation3. Support for Reformation

a. German princes & other rulersa. German princes & other rulers

welcomed the break from the welcomed the break from the RomanRoman

Catholic Church (decrease Catholic Church (decrease pope’spope’s

political power)political power)

b. Peasant revolt: hoped to promotedb. Peasant revolt: hoped to promoted social/economic change social/economic change

4. Conflict4. Conflicta. Conflict between Protestants & Catholics a. Conflict between Protestants & Catholics

resulted in devastating wars (e.g. Thirty resulted in devastating wars (e.g. Thirty Years’ War)Years’ War)i. End with the Peace at Augsburg in which German Princes are allowed to determine if their state will be Catholic or Protestantii. Catholic monarchy in France granted ii. Catholic monarchy in France granted Protestant Huegnots freedom of worship in Protestant Huegnots freedom of worship in the Edict of Nantes, but later revoked it.the Edict of Nantes, but later revoked it.

B. The English Reformation = The B. The English Reformation = The Anglican Church or Church of EnglandAnglican Church or Church of England

1. People & Events1. People & Events

a. Henry VIIIa. Henry VIII

i. broke from the Catholic Churchi. broke from the Catholic Church

when the Pope refused to grant himwhen the Pope refused to grant him

annulmentannulment

ii. Formed Anglican Church withii. Formed Anglican Church with

himself as the leader. “himself as the leader. “Supremacy Supremacy ActAct” ”

iii. seized church land for the throne iii. seized church land for the throne (HUGE)(HUGE)

b. Mary Tudor (daughter of Henry VIII)b. Mary Tudor (daughter of Henry VIII)

i. attempt to make Catholicism i. attempt to make Catholicism officialofficial

c. Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIIIc. Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII

i. firmly established England as a i. firmly established England as a Protestant nation, but retained some Protestant nation, but retained some Catholic traditionsCatholic traditions

IV. Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

A.A. rreaction to the Protestant eaction to the Protestant Reformation and loss of land, Reformation and loss of land, power, money, and followers.power, money, and followers.

B.B. MMounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority

C. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)ociety of Jesus (Jesuits) was was founded to spread Catholic doctrine founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.around the world.