The Respiratory System

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1. Pharynx2. Larynx – Houses the vocal chords3. Trachea4. Primary bronchi5. Diaphragm

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Energy)

The Equation for Cellular Respiration

The Respiratory SystemCommon passageway forfood and air

Food transport tube

Voice boxWind pipe

Functional part of lungSite of gas exchange

Prevents food fromentering air passageways

Transports air to right andleft lung

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AnatomicalDead Space

Anatomical Dead Space Holds 150 ml air – the only air in the respiratory system that is available for gas exchange is air in the alveoli.

What is anatomical dead space? The area between the pharynx and alveoli where nogas exchange takes place.

How much air from each breath sits in the anatomical dead space?

What is the function of thealveoli?

Gas exchange – oxygen diffusesfrom the alveoli into the bloodand carbon dioxide diffusesfrom the blood into the alveoli.

Daltons Law

• The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual pressures (partial pressures) of each of the different gases in the mixture.

• Atmospheric Pressure (pATM) = 760 mm Hg at sea level

• Note: Atmospheric Pressure can be referred to as Barometric Pressure

Dalton’s Law

• pAtm at sea level = _________• Air– 78 % N2

– 21 % O2

• pO2 = (Percent O2 in air) X (pAtm)

760 mm Hg

pO2 = ______ X _____ = _______.21 760mmHg 158 mm Hg

An increase in elevation results in a decrease in atmospheric (barometric) pressure. Mount Everest: 29,142 feetpAtm = 245 mm Hg pO2 = .21 X 245 mmHg = 51mm Hg

pO2 = ________ X ___________

View Of Whitney: 14,495 feet; pAtm = 400 mm Hg

Mount Whitney

pO2 = _____ X _____ = _____.21 400 84 mm Hg

Mt. Everest: 29,142 ft.pAtm = 245 mm Hg

Effects of Elevation

Mt. Whitney14,495 ft.

pO2 = .21 X 245 = 51mm HgWhat is pO2 at the top of Mt. Everest?

What will happen to the size of this balloon if you carry it from sea level up a mountain?

What happens to the distance between oxygenmolecules as you carrythe balloon up a mountain?

pATM is _____________Molecules are __________

Sea Level versus the Top of Mount Everest

Mount Everest

Sea Level

pAtm is ______________________Molecules are _________________

higher than Everest

closer together

much lower than sea level

further apart

Hypoxia = ___________

Humans experiencehypoxia at highelevation

The top ofRed SlateMountain

Low Blood Oxygen

pO2 = 100mmHg

pCO2 = 40mmHgpO2 = 40mmHg

pCO2 = 45mmHg

pO2 in tissues is 40mmHg

pCO2 in tissues is 45mmHg

GasDiffusion

Blood enteringalveolar capillaries

Blood leaving alveolar capillaries

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Oxygen – HemoglobinDissociation Curve

3. What happens to the Saturation of Hemoglobin whenpO2 increases?

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1. pO2

2. Percent saturation of hemoglobin (Hb)

3. The higher the pO2

the higher the saturation of Hb. (thismeans that moreoxygen is being carried by the blood.)

What happens to pO2 aselevation increases?

It decreases

Factors that affect the partial pressure of oxygen

What happens to bodythe saturation ofhemoglobin when bodytemperature rises?

---- Normal body temperature

According to the graph, at highbody temperatures the saturation of hemoglobindecreases (the blood is carryingless oxygen).

Factors that affect the saturation of hemoglobin: Blood pH and blood CO2 levels

Boyles Law

• A: Normal volume and pressure• B: Volume is decreased resulting in

_____ pressure• C: Volume is increased resulting in

______ pressure

increased

decreased

Rib cage expandswhen external

intercostals contract

Rib cage gets smallerwhen external intercostals relax

Ventilation of the Lungs

Ventilation: Moving Air in and Out of Lungs

Contract external intercostals Contract Diaphragm

_______ Volume of Thoracic Cavity

_______ Pressure of Thoracic cavity

pAtm is ________ than air pressure in thoracic cavity

AIR MOVES ____________

(Ribs move up and out) (Diaphragm moves down)

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1. Increase2. Decrease3. Greater 4. Into the lungs - INHALATION

Respiratory Rate and Tidal Volume

• Respiratory rate = Number of breaths you take per minute

– Textbook value = 12 breaths per minute

• Tidal Volume– Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing– The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal resting breath

– Textbook value = 500 ml per breath

Pulmonary Ventilation (PV)

• Pulmonary Ventilation (PV)– The volume of air that moves in out of the

lungs in one minute

– PV = Respiratory Rate X Respiratory Volume

– Resting PV = Respiratory Rate X Tidal Volume= ____________ X __________= ___________________

12 breaths/min 500 ml /breath6,000 ml/min

Regulation of Respiratory Rate

• The primary factor that controls respiratory rate is the amount of CO2 in the blood.– Increased CO2 causes a/an ___ in respiratory rate

– Decreased CO2 causes a/an ___in respiratory rate

– Hyperventilation _____ blood CO2 levels

– Holding your breath ____ blood CO2 levels

• An increase in blood CO2 has what effect on blood pH?

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1. Increase2. Decrease3. Decreases – You are exhaling more thus go are getting rid of more carbon dioxide4. Increases – You are not exhaling thus you are not getting rid of carbon dioxide

Regulation of Respiratory Rate

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

What happens to carbon dioxide when it diffuses from your tissues into your plasma.

What does the above equation mean?

That carbon dioxide combine with water in plasma to create carbonic acid. This causesa decrease in blood pH.