the respiratory system cells produce energy (atp) for maintenance, growth, defense, and division...
TRANSCRIPT
The Respiratory System
Cells produce energy (ATP)For maintenance, growth, defense, anddivision
Krebs's cycle and the electron transport chain use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The respiratory system is divided intoUpper respiratory system: above the larynxLower respiratory system: below the larynxConducting portion: from nasal cavity to terminal bronchiolesRespiratory portion: the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 23-1 The Components of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavity
Internal nares
Pharynx
Sphenoidal sinus
EsophagusClavicle
UPPERRESPIRATORYSYSTEM
LOWERRESPIRATORYSYSTEM
RIGHTLUNG
BronchiolesBronchus
TracheaLarynxHyoid bone
Tongue
NoseNasal conchae
Ribs Diaphragm
LEFTLUNG
RIGHTLUNG
Frontal sinus
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Figure 23-3c Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Nasal cavity
Internal nares
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Pharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis
Entrance to auditory tube
GlottisVocal fold
Esophagus
The nasal cavity and pharynx, as seen in sagittalsection with the nasal septum removed
Thyroid gland
Trachea
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Hyoid boneLingual tonsil
Mandible
Palatine tonsilSoft palate
Oral cavity
Tongue
Hard palateExternal nares
Nasal vestibule
Inferior
Middle
Superior
Nasal conchae
Frontal sinus
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Figure 23-4a The Anatomy of the Larynx
Epiglottis
Lesser cornu
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoidligament
Laryngealprominence
Thyroidcartilage
Cricothyroidligament
Cricoid cartilage
Cricotrachealligament
Trachealcartilages
Anterior view
Trachea
Larynx
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Figure 23-4b The Anatomy of the Larynx
Epiglottis
Thyroidcartilage
Trachealcartilages
Posterior view
Vestibularligament
Vocalligament
Arytenoidcartilage
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Figure 23-4c The Anatomy of the Larynx
Vestibularligament
Vocalligament
Arytenoidcartilage
Cricothyroidligament
Cricotrachealligament
Sagittal section
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyroidcartilage
Corniculatecartilage
Cricoidcartilage
Trachealcartilages
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 23-5c The Glottis and Surrounding Structures
This photograph is a representative laryngoscopic view. For this view the camerais positioned within the oro-pharynx, just superior to thelarynx.
Root of tongue
Epiglottis
Vocal fold
Vestibular fold
Cuneiform cartilagein aryepiglottic fold
Glottis (open)
Corniculate cartilage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajbcJiYhFKYhttp://www.voiceinfo.org/
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Figure 23-6a The Anatomy of the TracheaHyoidbone
Larynx
Trachea
Root ofright lung
Trachealcartilages
Location of carina(internal ridge)
Lungtissue
Root ofleft lung
Primarybronchi
Secondarybronchi
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
A diagrammatic anterior view showing the planeof section for part (b)
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Figure 23-6b The Anatomy of the Trachea
A cross-sectional view
The trachea
Lumen oftrachea
Trachealcartilage
Respiratoryepithelium
Thyroidgland
Trachealismuscle
Esophagus
LM 3
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Figure 23-9a The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung
Bronchopulmonarysegment
Respiratorybronchiole
Terminalbronchiole
Bronchioles
Smallerbronchi
Alveoli in apulmonary
lobule
Tertiary bronchi
Secondarybronchus
Visceral pleura
Left primarybronchus
TracheaCartilage plates
The branching pattern ofbronchi in the left lung, simplified
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Figure 23-9b The Bronchi and Lobules of the LungRespiratory
epitheliumBronchiole
Bronchial artery (red),vein (blue), and
nerve (yellow)
Terminalbronchiole
Respiratorybronchiole
Elastic fibers
CapillarybedsBranch of
pulmonaryvein Alveolar
duct
ArterioleLymphaticvessel
Alveoli
Alveolar sac
InterlobularseptumVisceral pleura
Pleural cavityParietal pleura
The structure of a single pulmonary lobule, part of abronchopulmonary segment
Branch ofpulmonaryartery
Smooth musclearound terminalbronchiole
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 23-8 The Relationship between the Lungs and Heart
Pericardialcavity
Right lung,middle lobe
Oblique fissure
Right pleuralcavity
Atria
EsophagusAorta
Right lung,inferior lobeSpinal cord Left lung,
inferior lobe
Mediastinum
Bronchi
Parietal pleuraLeft pleural cavity
Visceral pleural
Left lung,superior lobe
Ventricles
Body of sternum
Rib
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Figure 23-9b The Bronchi and Lobules of the LungRespiratory
epitheliumBronchiole
Bronchial artery (red),vein (blue), and
nerve (yellow)
Terminalbronchiole
Respiratorybronchiole
Elastic fibers
CapillarybedsBranch of
pulmonaryvein Alveolar
duct
ArterioleLymphaticvessel
Alveoli
Alveolar sac
InterlobularseptumVisceral pleura
Pleural cavityParietal pleura
The structure of a single pulmonary lobule, part of abronchopulmonary segment
Branch ofpulmonaryartery
Smooth musclearound terminalbronchiole
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Figure 23-16a The Respiratory Muscles
Diaphragmcontracts
Ribs andsternumelevate
Movements of the ribs and diaphragmthat increase the volume of the thoraciccavity. Diaphragmatic movements werealso illustrated in Figure 23–14.p. 835
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Figure 23-16b The Respiratory Muscles
Accessory Musclesof Inhalation
Sternocleidomastoidmuscle
Scalene muscles
Pectoralis minormuscle
Serratus anteriormuscle
Primary Muscleof Inhalation
Diaphragm
Internal obliquemuscle
Rectus abdominus
External obliquemuscle
Transversus thoracismuscle
Internal intercostalmuscles
Accessory Musclesof Exhalation
Primary Muscle of Inhalation
External intercostal muscles
An anterior view at rest (with noair movement), showing theprimary and accessoryrespiratory muscles.p. 835
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Figure 23-16c The Respiratory Muscles
Primary Muscleof Inhalation
Inhalation. A lateral view during inhalation,showing the muscles that elevate the ribs.
Sternocleidomastoidmuscle
Accessory Muscleof Inhalation(active when needed)
Scalene muscles
Pectoralis minor muscle
Serratus anterior muscle
External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
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Figure 23-16d The Respiratory Muscles
Exhalation. A lateral view duringexhalation, showing the muscles thatdepress the ribs. The abdominal musclesthat assist in exhalation are represented by asingle muscle (the rectus abdominis).
Rectus abdominis andother abdominalmuscles (not shown)
Internal intercostalmuscles
Transversus thoracismuscle
Accessory Musclesof Exhalation(active when needed)
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Figure 23-17 Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
Gender Differences
Vitalcapacity
Males Females
Total lung capacity 6000 mL 4200 mL
Residual volume 1200Residual volume 1200
Inspiratorycapacity
Functionalresidualcapacity
IRV 3300 1900
500500VTERV 1000 700
1100
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Figure 23-19a An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
Systemiccircuit
Pulmonarycircuit Alveolus
Respiratorymembrane
Pulmonarycapillary
External Respiration
Systemiccircuit
O = 100P 2CO2 40=P
O = 100P 2
CO2 40=P
O = 40P 2
CO2 45=P
CO2
O2
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Figure 23-19b An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
Internal Respiration
Interstitial fluid
Systemiccapillary
O = 95P 2CO2 40=P
CO2
O2
Systemiccircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
Systemiccircuit
CO2 45=PO = 40P 2
O = 40P 2CO2 45=P
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p. 843 & 844Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 23-24 A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport Mechanisms
PlasmaRed blood cell
Alveolarair space
O2 pickup
Pulmonarycapillary
O2 delivery
Alveolarair space
Pulmonarycapillary
Systemiccapillary
CO2 delivery
Systemiccapillary
Red blood cell
Cells inperipheral
tissues
Cells inperipheral
tissues
Chlorideshift
CO2 pickup p. 847
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Figure 23-28 Decline in Respiratory Performance with Age and Smoking
Regularsmoker
Disability
Death
Age (years)
Stoppedat age 65
Stoppedat age 45
Never smokedR
es
pir
ato
ry p
erf
orm
an
ce
(% o
f v
alu
e a
t a
ge
25
)
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