the respiratory system lecture 3 done by: alaa al-hasani
TRANSCRIPT
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The Respiratory System
Lecture 3
Done by: Alaa Al-Hasani
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Objective of the lecture
On the completion of this lecture, you will able to:
Identify and describe the major
structures and functions of the
respiratory system.
Recognize, define, spell and pronounce
terms related to the pathology, the
diagnostic and treatment procedures of
the respiratory system.
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Lecture Content
Functions of the Respiratory System
Structures of the Respiratory System
I. The Upper Respiratory System
II. The Lower Respiratory System
Medical terms
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Functions of the Respiratory System
I. Bring oxygen- rich air into the body for delivery to
the body tissues through the blood.
II. Expel waste product (carbon dioxide) returned to
the lungs by the blood.
• (This process is accomplished through act of
respiration )
III. Produce the airflow through the larynx that makes
speech possible.
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Structures of the Respiratory System
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Structures of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is divided into:
1) The Upper respiratory tract consists of the
nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx and trachea.
2) The Lower respiratory tract consists of the
bronchial tree and lungs.
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The Upper Respiratory System
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1 -The Nose
Functions of the nose:
1) It serves as an air passageway.
2) It warms and moistens inhaled air.
3) Its cilia and mucous membrane trap dust,
bacteria and other foreign matter.
4) It contains olfactory receptors, which sort out
odors.
The Upper Respiratory System
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1 -The Nose
Medical Terminology:1) Rhin/o/plasty (Rhin/o- means nose, -plasty
means surgical repair) Definition: surgical repair of the nose.
2) Rhin/o/rrhea (Rhin/o- means nose, -rrhea means flow, discharge)
Definition: discharge from the nose.
3) Rhin/o/scopy (Rhin/o- means nose, -scopy means process of visual examination)
Definition: process of visual examination of the nose.
The Upper Respiratory System
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2 -The Pharynx
The pharynx or throat is divided into 3 parts:1) Naso/pharynx (Naso- means nose) located behind
the nose.
2) Oro/pharynx (oro- means mouth) located behind the mouth.
3) Laryngo/pharynx (laryngo- means larynx) located behind the larynx.
The functions of the pharynx or throat : Serves as a passageway for both air and food at the
back of the throat.
The Upper Respiratory System
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2 -The Pharynx
Medical Terminology:
1) Pharyng/itis (Pharyng- means pharynx, -itis
means inflammation)
Definition: inflammation of the pharynx.
2) Naso/o/Pharyng/itis (Naso/o- means nose , -
Pharyng- means pharynx, -itis means
inflammation).
Definition: inflammation of the nose and
pharynx.
The Upper Respiratory System
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3 -The Larynx (voice box)
Cartilages of the Larynx:
1. The Thyroid Cartilage : known as “Adam’s
Apple”
2. The Epiglottic Cartilage (know as Epiglottis):
prevent aspiration of the food into the trachea.
3. The Cricoid Cartilage
General functions of the Larynx : Production of the vocal sounds.
The Upper Respiratory System
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3 -The Larynx (voice box)
Medical Terminology:
1) Laryng/itis (Laryng- means larynx, -itis
means inflammation)
Definition: inflammation of the larynx.
2) Laryng/o/scope (Laryng/o- means larynx, -
scope means instrument).
Definition: an instrument used to examine
the larynx.
The Upper Respiratory System
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4 -The Trachea
General functions of the Trachea (windpipe): Provide an open passageway for air to the lung.
The Upper Respiratory System
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4 -The Trachea
Medical Terminology:
1) Trache/algia (Trache- means trachea, -algia means pain)
Definition: pain in the trachea.
2) Trache/o/laryng/o/tomy (Trache/o- means trachea,
laryng/o means larynx , -tomy means incision).
Definition: incision into the trachea and larynx.
3) Trache/o/stomy (Trache/o- means trachea , -stomy
means new opening).
Definition: new opining into the trachea.
The Upper Respiratory System
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The Lower Respiratory System
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1 -The Bronchial tree
The trachea divides into 2 branches called Bronchi
(singular called Bronchus) , one branch goes into each lung.
The Bronchi provide the passageway for air to the lungs.
The Bronchi are further subdivided into Bronchioles.
Eventually, the further subdivisions lead to tiny air sacs
called Alveoli.
Alveoli are the very small grape-like clusters found at
the end of each bronchiole.
Capillaries surrounding each alveolus is where the
exchange of gases with the blood occurs.
The Lower Respiratory System
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1 -The Bronchial tree Medical Terminology:
1) Bronchi/ ectasis (Bronchi- means bronchi, -ectasis
means dilation, expansion or stretching)
Definition: dilation of the bronchi.
2) Bronchiol/itis (Bronchiol- means bronchiole, -itis means
inflammation).
Definition: inflammation of the bronchiole.
3) Bronch/o/scope (Bronch/o means bronchi, -scope means
instrument).
Definition: an instrument used to examine the bronchi.
The Lower Respiratory System
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2 -The Lung
The lungs are divided into lobes;
I. The right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle
and inferior)
II. The left lung has 2 lobes (superior and inferior),
and it slightly smaller than right lung because of
the space taken by the heart.
The Lower Respiratory System
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2 -The Lung
Medical Terminology:
1) Pulmon/ectomy (pulmon- means lung, -ectomy
means excision)
Definition: surgical excision of the lung or part of
a lung.
2) Pneumon/itis (Pneumon- means lung, -itis means
inflammation).
Definition: inflammation of the lung.
The Lower Respiratory System
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The Diaphragm
Is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity
from the abdominal cavity.
The contraction and relaxation of this muscle
makes breathing possible.
The Lower Respiratory System
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Meaning Combining form
Meaning Combining form
Membrane surrounding the
lung
Pleur/o Bronchial tube- bronchus
Bronch/o bronchi/o
Diaphragm Phren/o Larynx Laryng/o
Air sac Alveol/o Throat-pharynx Pharyng/o
Rib Cost/o Lung- air Pneum/o pneumon/o
Blood Hemo Lung Pulm/o - Pulmon/o
Bluish discoloration
Cyno Chest Thorac/o- Steth/o
Epiglottis Epiglott/o Trachea(Windpipe)
Trache/o
Nose Nas/o – Rhin/o To breath Spir/o
Sound – voice Phon/o - Phonia Cough Tuss/i
Oxygen Ox/o/i/
Main word roots and their meanings
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Examples of Suffixes
Meaning Suffix Meaning SuffixIncision into -tomy Breathing -pnea
Surgical fixation
-pexy Pertaining to breathing
-pneic
Technique of making an X-
ray
-graphy To measure -metry
Instrument to view
-scope Enlargement – dilatation- expansion
-ectasis
- ectasia
Visual examination
-scopy Surgical repair -plasty
opening -stomy Removal-excision
-ectomy
Paralysis -plegia Sudden involuntary contraction
-spam
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Medical Terms
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Pathology of the Respiratory System
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Anoxia : absence of oxygen from the body.
Hypoxia : decreased (below normal) oxygen in body
tissue.
Hemoptysis : coughing (spitting up) of blood (-ptysis
means spitting).
Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of skin due to lack of
oxygen.
Hiccup: chronic spasm of diaphragm.
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Breathing disorders
Apnea : without breathing
Tachypnea: rapid breathing
Bradypnea :slow breathing
Dyspnea : difficult or painful breathing (shortness of
breath “SOB”)
Orthopnea: difficult breathing while supine
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Laryngoplegia: paralysis of the larynx.
Bronchiectasis: chronic , irreversible enlargement of
bronchi.
Bronchorrhea: an excessive discharge of mucus from
the bronchi.
Pleuritis: inflammation of the pleura.
Pneumothorax: accumulation of air in the chest
cavity.
Hydrothorax: accumulation of water in the chest
cavity
Pyothorax: accumulation of pus in the chest cavity.
Hemothorax: accumulation of blood in the chest
cavity.
Pneumorrhagia: bleeding from the lung.
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Emphysma: is the progressive loss of lung
function in which alveoli (air sacs) lose their
elasticity and breakdown resulting in a loss of
respiratory surface in the lungs.
Shortness of breath is the chief symptom
(smoking frequently leads to this disorder).
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Asthma : is a chronic allergic disorder caused by several factors such as swelling and inflammation of the lining of the airway.
Asthma characterized by episode of severe breathing difficulty, coughing and wheezing.
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Pleural effusion: which
is the abnormal
accumulation of fluid in
the pleural space.
(effusion is the escape of
fluid from blood or lymph
vessels into cavity).
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Pulmonary edema: is an accumulation
of fluid in lung tissues. (edema means
swelling)
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Tuberculosis: which is an infectious
disease caused by mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
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Aspiration pneumonia: inhaling or
drawing a foreign substances into the
upper respiratory tract.
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Pneumonia: is serious infection or
inflammation of the lung in which the
smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with
pus and other liquid. (pneumon- means
lung , -ia means abnormal condition)
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) : is a genetic
disorder in which the lungs and pancreas
are clogged with large quantities of
abnormally thick mucus.
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Diagnostic procedures
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Laryngoscopy and Bronchoscopy : visual
examination of larynx and bronchi with endoscope.
Spirometry: is instrument use to measure the
procedure of ventilation of lungs by spirometer (Spir/o
means to breath / -metry means to measure).
Bronchography : Radiological examination of the
bronchial tree.
Stethoscope : instrument used to hear chest
sounds .
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Surgical procedures
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Pulmonectomy: surgical removal of the lung or a part
of a lung.
Thoracoplasty: surgical repair of the chest.
Thoracotomy: incision into (cutting into) the chest.
Tracheostomy: new opening into trachea .
Tracheolaryngotomy: incision into the trachea and
larynx.
Thoracocentesis: surgical puncture using needle to
remove fluid from chest.
Ventilator: device used for providing artificial
respiration.
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Instrument for visual examination = - scope
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Visual examination by instrument = -scopy
Which one is correct ,Laryngoscope or laryngoscopy ?
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Surgical opening = - stomy
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Cutting into = -tomy
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Treatment
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Drug groups
Antitussive: drug inhibit or prevent cough.
Mucolytic: drug dissolve sputum.
Inhalant : drug administer by inhalation, act
locally on respiratory system.
Bronchodilator: expands the opening of the
air passages.
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Medical specialist related to the
respiratory system
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Otorhinologist: Physician who specializes in diagnosis and treating diseases of ear and nose .
Pulmonologist :Physician who specializes in diagnosis and treating diseases of lung .
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