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The Respiratory System

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Page 1: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

The Respiratory System

Page 2: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Parts of Respiratory System

Nasal CavityPharynxLarynxTracheaBronchiBronchiolesAlveoliLungsPleura

Page 3: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura
Page 4: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Pathway of Air into Lungs

NOSE or MOUTH PHARYNX LARYNX

TRACHEA RT. or LT. BRONCHUS ALVEOLI

BLOOD

Page 5: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

NASAL CAVITY

Nasal SeptumDivides nasal cavitiesinto R and L cavities. Turbinate are three

scroll-shaped bones that protrude into the nasal

cavityThey increase surface

area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.

Page 6: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Cilia

Cilia are hairs located in the nose (nasal epithelium), they filter air and trap larger dirt particles.

Page 7: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Pharynx

Often called the “Throat”

Common passageway for air and food

Approx. 5” longWhen food is

swallowed, the EPIGLOTTIS closes over the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs.

Page 8: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Larynx

Voice Box = Voice production

Triangular chamber below pharynx (inside the neck)

Within the larynx are vocal cords (GLOTTIS)

Nickname - Adam’s Apple

Speech is made possible by the fibrous plates contained within the cartilage of the larynx – they vibrate

Page 9: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Trachea

aka - Windpipe4 ½ inches longThe walls of trachea

are made more rigid by the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage - to keep trachea open

Lined with ciliated mucous membrane

Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous

Page 10: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Sinuses

Cavities in the skull that produce mucous for the respiratory tract…lined with mucous membranes to warm and moisten the air.

FrontalMaxillaryEthmoidSphenoid

Sinuses give resonance to the voice

Page 11: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura
Page 12: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Lower end of trachea divides into Rt. and Lt. bronchi

As they enter the lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes and bronchioles

Bronchi-similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage

Bronchial tubes-thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium

At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli

Page 13: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Alveoli

Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue with millions of tiny, thin walled sacs.

SURFACTANT is a fatty substance in the lungs that prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries

O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries

Page 14: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Pleura

A thin, moist slippery membrane that lines the outer surface of the lungs and the inner surface of the rib cage.

Double-walled sacSpace is called

pleural cavity - filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction

Page 15: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

LungsEach lung is divided

into two or three lobesFill thoracic cavityUpper part=apex Lower part=baseBase fits snugly over

diaphragmLung tissue porous and

spongy - it floatsRt. lung= larger and

shorter (displaced by the liver) and has 3 lobes

Lt. lung smaller (displaced by the heart) and has 2 lobes

Page 16: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Function of the Respiratory System

External and internal respiration and cellular respiration

Production of sound (vocal cords)

Page 17: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

INSPIRATION

The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs.

The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.

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EXPIRATION

Opposite action takes placeExhalation is a passive process

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RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS

1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration

Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20

Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.

Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/minSleep = respirations ↓Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate

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YAWNING

A deep prolonged breaththat fills the lungs, increases

oxygen within the blood

Page 21: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

COUGHING

A deep breath followed byforceful expulsion of air – toclear lower respiratory tract.

Page 22: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

HICCUPS

They are a spasm of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve

Page 23: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

SNEEZINGAir is forced Air is forced

through the nose through the nose and mouth to clear and mouth to clear respiratory tract.respiratory tract.

Page 24: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

CONTROL OF BREATHING Breathing is controlled by neural and

chemical factors

NEURAL FACTORSRespiratory

center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA

PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm

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CHEMICAL FACTORS

CO2 and O2 levels in the blood is sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain)

Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

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LUNG CAPACITY AND VOLUME

Spirometer – device that measures lung capacity

Tidal Volume = amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath.

Normal = 500 ml

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RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

SINUSITISInfection of mucous

membrane that lines sinus cavities

Caused by bacteria or virus

Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance

Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

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COMMON COLD

Contagious viral respiratory infection

Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep

Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition

Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

Hand washing – best preventative measure

Page 29: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

TUBERCULOSIS

Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an increase in US.

Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungsSymptoms: cough, low grade fever in the

afternoon, weight loss, night sweatsDiagnosis – TB skin testIf skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray

and sputum sampleRx – antibiotic

Page 30: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

LARYNGITIS

Inflammation of larynx or voice box

Often secondary to other respiratory infections

Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!

Page 31: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…

PHARYNGITIS – Red inflamed throat.

Page 32: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

PLEURISY

Inflammation of the lining of the lungs

Usually occurs in conjunction with pneumonia and other lung infections

Symptoms – sharp, stabbing pain when breathing, dyspnea and fever

Page 33: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

INFLUENZA (Flu)

Viral infection (VIRUS) causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs

Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion

Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleuresy

Rx – treat the symptoms

Page 34: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

PNEUMONIA

Infection of the lung

Caused by bacteria or virus.

Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid)

Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea

Rx – O2 and antibiotics

Page 35: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

BRONCHITIS

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous

May be acute or chronic

Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)

Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause

Page 36: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

ASTHMA

Inflammatory airway obstructionCaused by allergen or psychological stress5% of Americans have asthma

Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest

Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator

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REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…

THORACENTESIS – insertion of a needle through the thoracic cavity and into the pleural cavity to drain fluid

PNEUMOTHORAX – collapsed lung due to air in the pleural cavity

SILICOSISCause: breathing dust containing silicon dioxide over long

period of timeLungs become fibrotic, reducing ability to expand

NASAL POLYPSGrowths in sinus cavity, cause obstruction in air pathwayRx: surgical removal

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REPIRATORY DISORDERS CONTINUED…

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

Page 39: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

ATELECTASIS

Lungs fail to expand normally due to bronchial occlusion

Page 40: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

EMPHYSEMA

Alveoli becomes over dilated, lose their elasticity.

May eventually rupture

Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required

Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2

Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

Page 41: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

REPIRATORY DISORDERS

PERTUSSIS-Called the (Whooping cough)

Symptoms: severe coughing attacks that end in a “whooping” sound, dyspnea

Prevented by a childhood vaccine

Page 42: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

RHINITIS

Inflammation of nasal mucosa with increased secretion

Caused by virus and / or allergens

Page 43: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

CANCER OF THE LUNGS

Caused by small cell carcinoma

Spreads rapidly to other organs

Found mainly in smokers

Other types – squamous cell and adenocarcinoma – don’t spread as rapidly

Page 44: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Lung Cancer cont’d…

Symptoms: cough and weight loss

Diagnosis: x-ray and BRONCHOSCOPY (flexible tube passed through mouth or nose into bronchi and lungs)

Rx: surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation

Page 45: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

Cannabis bigger cancer risk than cigarettes: study Tue Jan 29, 4:44 AM ET

HONG KONG (Reuters) - Smoking a joint is equivalent to 20 cigarettes in terms of lung cancer risk, scientists in New Zealand have found, as they warned of an "epidemic" of lung cancers linked to cannabis. Studies in the past have demonstrated that cannabis can cause cancer, but few have established a strong link between cannabis use and the actual incidence of lung cancer.

In an article published in the European Respiratory Journal, the scientists said cannabis could be expected to harm the airways more than tobacco as its smoke contained twice the level of carcinogens, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, compared with tobacco cigarettes.

The method of smoking also increases the risk, since joints are typically smoked without a proper filter and almost to the very tip, which increases the amount of smoke inhaled. The cannabis smoker inhales more deeply and for longer, facilitating the deposition of carcinogens in the airways.

Just read…

Page 46: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

"Cannabis smokers end up with five times more carbon monoxide in their bloodstream (than tobacco smokers)," team leader Richard Beasley, at the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, said in a telephone interview."There are higher concentrations of carcinogens in cannabis smoke ... what is intriguing to us is there is so little work done on cannabis when there is so much done on tobacco."The researchers interviewed 79 lung cancer patients and sought to identify the main risk factors for the disease, such as smoking, family history and occupation. The patients were questioned about alcohol and cannabis consumption.In this high-exposure group, lung cancer risk rose by 5.7 times for patients who smoked more than a joint a day for 10 years, or two joints a day for 5 years, after adjusting for other variables, including cigarette smoking."While our study covers a relatively small group, it shows clearly that long-term cannabis smoking increases lung cancer risk," wrote Beaseley."Cannabis use could already be responsible for one in 20 lung cancers diagnosed in New Zealand," he added."In the near future we may see an 'epidemic' of lung cancers connected with this new carcinogen. And the future risk probably applies to many other countries, where increasing use of cannabis among young adults and adolescents is becoming a major public health problem." 

Page 47: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

CANCER OF THE LARYNX

Curable if detected early

Most common in men over fifty

Page 48: The Respiratory System. Parts of Respiratory System Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Blood clot breaks off and travels to the lung, occurs after surgery or when a person has to be on bed rest.

Symptoms: sudden severe pain in chest, dyspnea

Diagnosis: lung scanRx: anticoagulant

therapy

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Sleep Apnea

C-PAP MachineCharacterized

by pauses in breathing during sleep.

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