The Rise of Dictators

"German troops in Poland." Image. National Archives. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011.

World-Wide DepressionIn 1929, an economic crisis began in the United States and spread worldwide.

As the Depression wore on, many people lost faith in the ability of democratic government to solve the problems of the world.

These conditions led to the rise of extremists who promised radical solutions. Totalitarianism- Form of government in which all aspects of society, politics, and the economy are under the government’s control (Germany, Soviet Union, Italy, and Japan during WWII)

"Adolf Hitler." Image. Library of Congress. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011.

"Joseph Stalin." Image. Library of Congress. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011.

"Benito Mussolini." Image. The Illustrated London News Picture Library. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011.

The Soviet Union

http://www.armchairgeneral.com/forums/showthread.php?t=100013

Communist Russia- The Creation of the Soviet Union

The Russian Revolution occurred from 1917 to 1920, changing Russia into a Communist nation.

By 1922, Vladimir Lenin would unite the old Russian empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin used ruthless measures to win dictatorial power.

"Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin in 1922." Image. The Illustrated London News Picture Library. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 4 Dec. 2011.

Stalin worked to establish control of all aspects of life in the Soviet Union. He controlled not only the government, but also the economy.

Stalin’s Five Year Plans

Goal: build heavy industry, improve transportation, and increase farm output to modernize and industrialize the Soviet Union.

Command economy- government officials made all basic economic decisions.

In 1934, Stalin turned against members of the Old Bolsheviks. In 1937, he launched the Great Purge, a campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who opposed Stalin.

Critics were sent to the Gulag, a system of labor camps

Historians estimate that during this time he was responsible for at least 4 million people purged.

Stalin’s government controlled all press

Under Stalin, the government used propaganda, censored opposing ideas, imposed Russian culture on minorities, and replace religion with the ideals of communism.

Soviet may have killed as many as 60 million people.

Italy

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/italy/

Fascism in Italy

Fascism - any centralized, authoritarian government system that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights

Fascist states show extreme nationalism.

Fascists glorified action, violence, discipline, aggressive foreign expansion and above all, loyalty to the state.

Dissatisfaction and UnrestFascism's rise in Italy was fueled by bitter disappointment over the failure to win large territory at the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. Rising taxes and unemployment also contributed to widespread social unrest.

Mussolini Takes Power

Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919 and boldly promised to end corruption and replace turmoil with order.

Mussolini dictatorship was upheld by terror. Critics were thrown into prison, forced into exile, or murdered. Secret police and propaganda strengthen the regime.

Mussolini built a totalitarian state. -One-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens

"Benito Mussolini." Image. The Illustrated London News Picture Library. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 4 Dec. 2011.

The Appeal of Fascism

1. Strong, stable government

2. National Pride

Germany

http://www.thomasgraz.net/glass/map-D-1920.htm

The Rise of Nazi Germany

Weimar Republic to Nazi Germany

Germans of all classes blamed the Weimar Republic for the hated Versailles treaty. German inflation was high. The Deutsche Mark was almost worthless. -100 marks in July 1922 was 944,000 marks by August 1923.

Dawes Plan - Germany economy was able to recover, but the Great Depression hit and Germany was back in an economic crisis

"German currency used as wallpaper during 1923 crisis." Image. Hulton Archive. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011.

In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined a right-wing political group. The group named itself the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi party. Hitler’s success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen as the Führer. The Nazis plotted to stage a coup in Munich in 1923. The attempt failed, and Hitler was imprisoned. While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”)

Mein Kampf set forth Hitler's beliefs and goals for Germany. 1. Superior race of Aryans 2. Anti-Semitism3. Blamed Germany’s defeat in WWI on a conspiracy of Marxist,

Jews, corrupt politicians, and business leaders4. Unite into one great nation-expand

"The Rise of Fascism in Europe (Visual)." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011.

As unemployment rose, Nazi membership grew to almost a million.

Hitler appealed to veterans, workers, the lower middle class, small-town Germans, and business people.

He promised to end reparations, create jobs, and defy the Versailles treaty by rearming Germany. In January 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor. Hitler used his new power to turn Germany into a dictatorship. Hatred of the Jewish population was a key part of Nazi ideology. Beginning in 1933, the Nazis passed new laws.

Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German citizenship and placed severe restrictions on them.

The Night of Broken Glass

Retaliation for the murder of a German embassy official by a Jewish gunman

“Kristallnacht” Hitler allowed mob attacks against Jewish neighborhoods to go unpunished

Imperial Japan

Korea was colonized in 1910.

Japan became an industrial power from WWI and wanted to continue having international prestige.

After WWI, Japan took over former German possessions in East Asia.

They planned a Pacific empire that included a conquered Manchuria which would provide Japan with raw materials and a market for its goods.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg

Hirohito - Emperor of Japan

Declared that his reign would be dedicated to enlightened peace

Historians remain divided on how large a role Hirohito had in the day-to-day running of Japan in the years before WWII.

Japan was not a totalitarian dictatorship.

"Hirohito." Image. Library of Congress. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 4 Dec. 2011.

“The Rape of Nanjing”

December 1937

Angered by Chinese resistance, Japanese forces were given free rein over the captured city of Nanjing

Japanese soldiers raped, tortured, and killed over 200,000 civilians in one of the worst war crimes in modern history

Hideki Tojo

Army General who was appointed head of Japan’s militarist government by Hirohito and given the responsibility of carrying out Japan’s war effort

Ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor and approved of the mistreatment of prisoners of war in the Philippines & Burma

In 1931, the Japanese army seized Manchuria. Many League of Nations members protested. Japan ignored the protest and withdrew from the League.

By 1940, they controlled a large part of China, had signed a treaty with Thailand, and occupied French Indochina.

Their sights were focused on establishing an imperial controlling the Pacific.

http://imperialsm-by-brady.wikispaces.com/Japan+Modernizes

http://imperialsm-by-brady.wikispaces.com/Japan+Modernizes

http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/nanking.htm

The Strength of the League of Nations

1. Never recovered from America’s refusal to join2. No standing army3. Short on action.

Hitler Violates the Treaty of Versailles

Began to rebuild the German military, both by increasing its size and by developing new weaponry

Unchecked Aggression

Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935.

Hitler reclaimed Saar from French control in 1935.Hitler moved troops back into the demilitarized zone along the Rhine River (1936)

France & Britain, while disturbed by Hitler’s moves, took no action

Appeasement: granting concessions to a potential enemy in the hope that they will maintain peace.

German Expansionism

In March of 1938, Hitler annexed his homeland of Austria into Germany, thereby uniting most Germanic people of Europe

His next goal was to add German speaking areas in Poland and Czechoslovakia.

The Munich Conference

When Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia return territory (the Sudetenland) that it had been given as part of the Treaty of Versailles, the Czechs called Britain and France for protection

Britain arranged for a conference with Germany in fall of 1938 (Czechoslovakia was not invited to attend) to reach a peaceful resolution to the Sudetenland crisis

Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia; Hitler, in turn, promised that he would engage in no further territorial aggression in Europe

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain returned home declaring to the British public that “I believe it is peace for our time.”

Why did Britain and France repeatedly make concessions to Germany?

Soviet Non Aggression Pact

Hitler negotiated in secret with the Soviet Union's Joseph Stalin, and in August 1939, he announced that they had finalized a nonaggression pact.

They had pledged that in the event of a war, they would not attack each other. In addition, they had agreed quietly to split Poland.

"Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact signed." Image. National Archives. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011.

Blitzkrieg in Europe

“Lightning war”: all-mechanized force concentrating its attack on a small section of the enemy front then, once the latter is broken, proceeding without regard to its flank.

On September 1, 1939, Hitler moved ahead with his plans to conquer Poland.

Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3rd.

The Axis Power

September 1940

Created with the signing of the Tripartite Pact, formally joining Italy, Germany, and Japan in a military alliance

Germany would dominate Northern and Europe and Russia

Italy would dominate the Mediterranean and Africa

Japan would have sway in East Asia and the Pacific

"Blitzkrieg in Europe, 1939–1941 (Visual)." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2011.

Compare and Contrast the 3 Main Leaders we discussed today and

their types of government

Stalin – Communism Mussolini – FascismHitler – Nazi Party