The Rise of Europe The Crusades Medieval Culture 1050-1270ACE The power of the Kings Heresy and Reform

The Crusades Jerusalem

Holy city to Jews, Christians and Moslems

Jewish center of culture and religion Christian city of Christ’s death and

resurrection Moslem site where Mohammad ascended

into heaven Under Moslem control since 600ACE

Moslems were tolerant Jews and Christians were tolerated

by Moslems Viewed as people of the book Shared the same ancient stories

and traditions Pilgrims traveled unmolested to

Jerusalem

Seljuk Turks New Islamic group from Central

Asia Took control of Jerusalem in late

1000’s ACE Closed the city to pilgrims Threatened Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Emperor wrote to Pope for help

Pilgrims were reported to be murdered by Turks

The First Crusade 1095 Pope Urban II

Called for Christians to take back the Holy Lands Knights and peasants vowed to join Promised immediate salvation in heaven if killed Knights saw opportunity for land and wealth Peasants saw opportunity for freedom from

feudalism Crusaders sewed red crosses on their backs as a

symbol of their commitment Began a long period of persecution of non-Christians

in Europe Focus of bigotry was the small Jewish population Crusaders killed entire communities

Appeal to Church Enabled the papacy to lead a

popular movement Gave Pope moral leadership of

Europe Peace in Europe

Pope forbade all warfare between Christians

Cubed violence Redirected warriors attention to

lands of the Muslims

Led by French nobles Groups met and joined in

Constantinople in 1097 Byzantine government had limited goals

Wanted to recapture the land lost at the Battle of Manzikret

Frightened by the number of western knights

25,00-30,000

Western Goal - Jerusalem

1099 conquered Jerusalem and killed most of the Moslem and Jewish inhabitants

Was a success as far as the west was concerned but set the tone of slaughter and brutality for the confrontations to follow

Some knights went home others stayed 4 crusader kingdoms established

County of Edessa(1098-1144) Principlaity of Antioch(1098-1268) County of Tripoli(1109-1289) Kingdom of Jerusalem(1099-1187)

Trade was reestablished and cultural isolation of western Europe ended

Second Crusade Seljuk's re-conquered parts of Crusader

states Pope Eugenius IV called for a Second

crusade King Louis VII of France and Holy Roman

Emperor Conrad III led armies 1147 to 1149 Complete failure because of animosity

between the kings

Third Crusade Salidin united Muslims in 1187

Recaptured Jerusalem Europe went nuts

3 kings led crusade 1189-1192 Fredrick Barbarrossa of Germany

Died on the way to Palestine-drowned Army returned home

Philip Augustus of France Quit and went home

Richard I – the Lionheart of England Left to fight alone Won several battles but lost the war

Other Crusades 1200’s other unsuccessful Crusades 7 in all European leaders no longer religiously obsessed Concentrated on trade and centralization of their

own powers Turned against Europeans as well

Albigensian Crusade 1209-1229 Cathars in France killed in thousands Heightened anti-Jewish sentiment

Effects of the Crusade Real importance lies in the interaction of

Europe with the cultural advanced east Broke down feudalism and increased

the power to the kings Nobles died in battle without heirs

Kings got the land Nobles sold their estates to gain cash and

supplies to go on crusade Fewer knights Serfs allowed to purchase freedom – more skilled

workers and towns grew

Effects Greek and Roman classics brought to

Europe New interest in literature and art Luxury goods were in demand

Spices for food Silk Tapestries

Improved technology as Muslim science and achievements were learned

New military skills and advanced weaponry

Birth of Commerce Agricultural Advances

New Plows More land Produce more and increased food production New lands opened up Germans moved to eastern Europe doubling the

size of their lands New harness and Yokes

Horses could be used instead of oxen Pulled faster

Trade Revival of towns cause rapid growth of

trade By sea, road and rivers goods from east

and other towns arrived Roads were rebuilt and repaired Venice, Pisa, Genoa controlled the

Mediterranean trade –fur,slaves,timber,cloth

Flanders(Belgium) controlled trade on northern coast - Wool

Trade fairs

Banking Barter first used for trade

2 chickens for 1 yard of cloth Luxury goods required cash Common means of exchange was needed

Money changers Frequently Italian or Jewish Determined value of currencies and

exchanged them Developed means to transferring funds Nobles and clergy dependent on them

Too far in debt Serfs allowed to purchase freedoms, towns purchased more rights, or Pogroms

Towns With decline of warfare and raiding

towns grew Usually on trade routes Walled to protect itself from bandits Shops on ground level homes above No sanitation and disease a constant

problem 1348-1350 Black Death – bubonic

plague carried by rats and fleas killed 1/3 of Europe's population

Merchants paid lords for charters of their freedoms(rights) and formed communes

Guilds Merchants and artisans formed

associations Merchant guilds formed monopolies on

products Uniform pricing foreign

Craft guilds used for training and quality control Rules of on prices, wages, employment Masters

Trained apprentices Worked without pay

Journey men Worked with pay

Women in urban areas Often towns had more women then

men More opportunity and women could

not inherit Most industry – textile (women’s

work) Also worked as undertakers and

midwives

Rise of Middle Class Wealthy merchants, bankers and

craftsmen Burgers, bourgeoisie, burgesses As kings and nobles relied on them

for cash and credit they gained political power

Town Government Exchanged cash for charters

Charters specified rights of city dwellers

Also spelled out obligations In Italy cities became independent

city states Hindered nation building and left the

country open to invasion

Education Most people were illiterate Clergy were the only educated class Growth of towns required an educated

middle class Needed lawyers Universities separate from the church began

to evolve Roman Classics and Law Greek philosophy and science

Medieval Scholars Peter Abelard

University of Paris Wrote Sic et Non showing 2 sides to

religious questions Thomas Aquinas

Universities of Paris and Naples Suma Theologica Claimed reason was a gift from God and

could be used to find philosophical answers

Medieval Literature Songs and Epics of non literate times

collected and written down Beowulf

Anglo-Saxon Epic Song of Roland Romances

Tristan and Isolde King Arthur

Dante-Divine Comedy Chaucer – Canterbury Tales

Medieval Art Seen in Cathedrals Sculpture Stained glass Illuminated manuscripts

The rise of Monarchy Norman Invasion of England

United England under Planteganets William

Henry I Edward I Henry II- Eleanor of Aquitaine

Kings of England owned more land in France then in England

Kings of England owned more land in France then the French King

1066 the Battle of Hastings William of Normandy (France)

Claimed throne of England Said the king, Edward the Confessor, and

his cousin had on his deathbed left the throne to him

Harold the Edward’s son-in-law claimed the throne

War and the last successful invasion of England took place..William won

Gave fiefs of land to his Norman knights and split them up so no one controlled large blocks of land

Kings power grew under the Plantagenets Henry II 1154-1189

Established common law Grand jury set up – charged crimes Petit jury-ruled on crimes Invaded Ireland 1171 beginning the Anglo-

Irish conflict Thomas a Becket

Arch bishop of Canterbury Opposed the growing power of Henry over

the church Murdered by followers of Henry and became

a saint

Richard I – the lion heart Spent most of his rule in Middle East

and France Only in England a total of 6 months Fought crusades Taken hostage and his ransom

bankrupted England

John I Ruled while Richard was gone Raised taxes to pay for the crusade and

ransom Lost land to France Nobles revolted

Runnymede 1215 forced John to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter)

Beginning of limits on royal power – no taxation without representation

Henry III John’s son Middle class came into being Towns grew in power Townspeople allowed to sit on the

Great Council to advise the king Became known as parliament Forced to allow parliament to meet 3

times a year

France 987 Hugh Capet

Began with a power base of Paris Expanded Capetian rulers in power for 300

years Louis VI (the fat)1108 -1137

used townspeople to strengthen king Took power from nobles Granted self government to towns

Philip II 1180-1223 Double the size of France – taking land from

John of England Formed semi permanent royal army loyal to

him and not the lords Strengthened the power of the curia regis –

royal courts Louis IX 1125-1270 St. Louis

Made royal courts dominant over feudal counts

Only king could mint coins Banned warfare between his vassals

Philip IV ( the fair) 1285-1314 Raised taxes Taxed the clergy – Rome screamed

but powerless Called the Estates-General

Assembly of nobles, clergy and townspeople

Used them to raise national taxes Never as powerful as Parliament

The Holy Roman Empire Germans controlled Claimed right to influence election of

Popes Civil wars between German lords kept

them from gaining power Henry IV

Quarrel with Pope Gregory VII 1073 Lay investiture Henry had to back down and beg

forgiveness Concordant of Worms 1122

Emperor named bishops and gave land Pope could reject unworthy candidates

100 Years War War between France and England

England was defending its land ownership France was try to reclaim its land

1328 French king died without heir English King claimed the throne French supported Valois claim

English at first successful due to the use of its long bow archers Battle of Crecy 1346 Battle of Agincourt 1415

Jean d’Arc Peasant woman Claimed God had spoken to her and

demanded she help remove English from France

1429 went to Chinon and persuaded Charles heir to thrown to give her his troops

At Orleans she defeated the English 1430 Captured by English and burned

as a witch French rallied and threw out the English

France After defeat of English kings were

powerful Louis XI united France Strengthened the bureaucracy Promoted trade Limited power of nobles

England Civil war Henry VI died childless War between York and Tutors

Symbols were the red and white rose War of the Roses

Tutor family triumphed Henry VII married daughter to the king of

Scotland Made England strong and united

Spain Main problem Islamic control of south Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and

Isabella of Castile United Christian forces 1492 more important as the year the

Muslims were driven from Spain Also little recognized explore Christopher

Columbus set sail for India by going west Inquisition court enforced Catholicism and

Jews and Muslims forced to flee or die

Trouble in the Church Weakened by warfare, disease, and rise

of literacy 1300’s papacy came under control of

the French monarchy Pope Clement V 1205 moved from Rome to

Avignon to escape civil wars Appointed only French Cardinals Successors all French remained in Avignon until

1377 Called the Babylonian Captivity

Schism 1377 Pope Gregory XI left Avignon

for Rome Roman mobs force college of

cardinals to elect an Italian to succeed him

College elected a second Pope that moved back to Avignon

Church was divided until 1417

Reform Calls came from all levels for change Simony – selling of church positions Indulgences- pay away sins John Wycliff

English Claimed Bible was sole authority for

religious truth Translated Bible from Latin into English Support so wide spread he could not be

punished

Reform II Jan Hus

Czech Reforms were against abuses of church and

for Czech control Moved to eliminate power of German Clergy 1415 called to council of Constance to

defend his views Burned at the stake as a heretic Five crusades against the Hussites did not

stop the revolt

Bennet, J.M. & Hollister, C.W. (2006). Medieval Europe: A Short History.10th Edition. Boston. McGraw-Hill